Chapter 14: Texas History

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 14: Texas History The Young State Chapter 14: Texas History

A New Constitution July 1845: Delegates attending the convention of 1845 wrote a new constitution for the state of Texas Writing a constitution was one of the first orders of business for the Texas government Provided for a governor Two year term Created a legislature Two houses House of Representatives (2 years) Senate (4 years)

A New Constitution, Continued… Created a court system Supreme court District and county courts 1850: The constitution was amended, or changed, to provide for the election of all judges Also protected slavery Barred all women from voting

Texas Legislators at Work The governor’s term was two years No Governor could serve more than two terms in a row J. Pinckney Henderson was elected the first governor of Texas Francis Cox Henderson became known as the “First Lady of Texas” Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk were the first to be elected to the U.S. Senate David Kaufman and Timothy Pillsbury were elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

Problems with the New State Serious problems were facing Texas and their new officials Debt Native American Raids Mexico’s lack of recognition

Notes: A New State Constitution The Constitution of 1845 Provided for a Governor Two-Year Term (J. Pinckney Henderson elected 1st governor) Provided for a Legislature Two Houses: House of Representatives (elected for 2 years) and Senate (elected for 4 years) Provided a Supreme Court Supreme Court, District Courts, County Courts (all judges elected) Slavery Protected slavery in Texas Women’s Rights Barred all women from voting

Political Parties in Texas 1850’s: Political parties became organized in Texas Most early leaders in Texas joined the Democratic Party The Democratic party was very strong in the South The Whig Party represented mostly business and commercial interests The Whig Party was the other major political party in the U.S. in the 1830’s-1850’s Opposed expansion of slavery in Texas Lacked support in Texas 1854 and 1855: Many Texans joined the American, or Know-Nothing Party. The American party wanted to keep new immigrants from voting or holding public office The Democratic Party patterned their own party after the American Party Nominated candidates at political meetings called conventions

African Americans in Texas None of the major political parties represented African Americans Free African Americans were not eligible to vote or join political parties Participated by filing petitions with the legislature Many others went to court to try and protect the little freedom they had

African Americans in Texas, Cont. 1850: Mary Madison, a Galveston nurse, filed a petition to stay in Texas This petition was one of only a few to be granted Emeline FWC, a free African American, hired lawyers and went to court in Harris County She claimed she had been mistakenly sold as a slave She and her children were freed by the jury and awarded $1 in damages

Federal Aid for Reservations The federal government stationed troops in west Texas to prevent clashes between settlers and Native Americans As settlers pushed west, clashes increased The U.S. government made a plan to relocated Native Americans on to reservations Many refused, while others were not given enough land 1859: the government decided to move Native Americans into Indian Territory, north of the Red River The Comanche's and Kiowa's still continued to attack settlements after the move

Notes: Political Parties in Texas Democratic P. Whig Party American Party Very strong in the South Favored annexation Represented laborers and farmers Most early leaders of Texas were Democrats Represented mostly business and commercial interests Lacked major support in Texas Opposed annexation Opposed slavery in new territories Also known as the “Know-Nothing” Party Wanted to keep immigrants from holding public office or voting. First to use conventions to nominate candidates

Headed Towards War The government of Mexico never recognized the Republic of Texas and considered the annexation of Texas by the U.S. to be an insult to Mexico Many problems erupted between the United States and Mexico Mexico did not accept the Rio Grande as the border between Mexico and Texas Mexico did not like the westward expansion of commerce in to Mexican California The U.S. wanted to acquire the Pacific port of San Francisco to help in trade with China President James K. Polk was determined to continue expansion

Headed Towards War, Cont. Earlier the United States asked Mexico to pay the victims of Santa Anna and the Texas Revolution Now, the U.S. was prepared to pay the debts that Texas owned, including $30 million to Mexico In return, Mexico had to accept the Rio Grande as the new border They also had to cede, or give, California to the western half of New Mexico to the United States The U.S. sent John Slidell to Mexico to negotiate the deal

Headed Towards War, Cont. The Mexican government refused to speak with Slidell, resulting in a total break down of diplomatic relations March 1846: President Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to move his troops across the Nueces River to the Rio Grande

War is Declared May 1846: American and Mexican soldiers clashed just north of the Rio Grande. May 13, 1846: The United States declared war against Mexico The Mexican American War was fought at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma. U.S. President: James Polk Mexico’s President: Mariano Paredes

Texans in the War Some U.S. citizens questioned the motives for the war Abolitionists, people who worked to end slavery, though the war was a way to spread slavery More than 5,000 Texans joined the war and fought for the United States Edward Burleson, Albert Sidney Johnson, Mirabeau Lamar, J. Pinckney Henderson Several companies of Texas Rangers served as scouts for the American army

United States Victory The United States military was better equipped and better trained General Zachary Taylor capture northern Mexico, and followed with Monterrey Feb. 1847: Taylor defeated the Mexican army at Buena Vista Troops then captured Mexico City in September 1847 Feb. 2, 1848: representatives of both governments signed a peace treaty at Guadalupe Hidalgo Mexico gave up all claims to Texas Accepted the Rio Grande as their border Mexico surrendered all territory between west Texas and the pacific ocean, known as the Mexican Cession California, Nevada and Utah U.S. agreed to pay $15 million to Mexico for the land

The New Mexico Boundary Dispute The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the dispute between the United States and Mexico concerning Texas A new dispute began on whether Santa Fe would become part of Texas, or a new state In the Pearce Act, as a part of the Compromise of 1850,Texas would give up their claim to the disputed area As a result, the United States gave Texas $10 million dollars to pay off debts

View towards the Mexican-American War War with Mexico View towards the Mexican-American War President Polk Wanted to acquire San Francisco (then in Mexico controlled California) to expand trade. Offered to buy California, and give Mexico $30 million Abolitionists Worried that the war was another way for the United States (slave states) to spread slavery. 5000 Texans 5,000 Texans quickly joined the war efforts. Served as scouts for the American Army. Some women worked as nurses and cooks in war U.S. Congress Some believed the motives for war were not honest (example: wanted to spread slavery) Previous “invasion” of 1846 was actually in disputed lands, not the United States.

Texas Population Booms 1850: The Texas population was 212,592 In the next 10 years, the population grew to 604,215 The Homestead Act allowed people to obtain land simply by living on the land Helped increase population in to Texas Most new arrivals came from the Southern United States 42,000 residents came from Tennessee Before the Civil War, abandoned homes in the South would be marked with signs reading GTT, which meant Gone to Texas The population increase led to a need for new counties 26 new counties were created

Mexican Texans Mexicans continued to move to Texas as well Most Mexicans lived in one of three areas Between the Nueces River and Rio Grande In the San Antonio-Goliad area Along the Rio Grande from Del Rio to El Paso

Mexican Texans, Cont. Farming and ranching provided the main occupations for Mexican Americans Owned ranches Worked as cowhands, sheepherders and ranch laborers Mexican Americans living in the towns were business owners Teamsters (animal drivers) Domestic servants Day laborers Craft workers

Politics and Bias Some Mexican Americans were active in political life Jose Antonio Navarro and Santos Benavides Many Mexican Americans still faced hostilities and prejudice Juan Cartina became a protector of the rights of Mexicans and Tejanos Regarded as an outlaw by the governments of Mexico and Texas but as a hero by many Mexicans and Tejanos

Politics and Bias, Cont. Most negative feelings towards Mexican Americans were a result of the battles of the Alamo and Goliad Despite the problems, Mexican Americans were able to hold on to their culture Today that culture is mixed with Anglo American culture in Texas

European Immigrants Thousands of people immigrated to Texas from Europe In the 1840’s and 1850’s, most immigrants to Texas were from Germany 1860: 43,422 foreign born citizens lived in Texas Every European country was represented in Texas

German Texans By 1860, one-fifth of all residents of Houston, Galveston and San Antonio were Germans More than 20,000 Germans lived in Texas Many migrated to Texas to escape harsh conditions in Germany The potato famine struck Germany and northwest Europe after devastating Ireland in the mid 1840’s Political and economic difficulties led Germans to leave Germany for a new start

Other European Arrivals Natives of several other European countries arrived in Texas during the years of early statehood Ireland, England, France Polish and Czechs Many Norwegians also came to Texas Elisa Waerenskjold was a pioneer and community leader from Norway Known as the “walking newspaper’ Jewish immigrants were active in Texas during the early days of colonization Lewis Levy wrote a letter to the Asmonean, a New York newspaper, urging persecuted Jews to come to Texas New arrivals brought new cultures with music, religion, traditions and skill sets

Native Americans Only a few Native Americans continued to live peacefully in Texas The Alabama Coushatta's settled along the Trinity River in east Texas Many continued to live on a reservation set aside for them in 1854 By 1855, more than 300 Alabama-Coushatta's lived on the reservation The Tiguas and Kickapoos Tiguas are believed to be the descendents, or offspring, of the Pueblos of New Mexico The Kickapoos were recognized as a sovereign nation in 1989 and are now officially known as the Kickapoo Traditional Tribe of Texas Have a settlement near Eagle Pass, Texas

Immigration In Texas Positive Effects Negative Effects New counties with local governments were formed Provided new employment opportunities Provided land for many who could not previously afford it. Many Mexican Americans faced hostility and prejudice Slavery increased

Immigrant Groups in Texas Why, Where, When? Americans (1840-1850) Legalized slavery and cheap land brought many Americans. GTT-Abandoned American cabins labeled “Gone to Texas”, Formed new counties in Texas, brought new jobs Mexican Texans 25,000 Mexicans lived in Texas at this time. Lived near the Nueces River, Rio Grande River and South Texas. Farmers and Ranchers, teamsters, laborers and craft-workers. German Texans Founded New Braunfels and Fredericksburg, More than 20,000 German immigrants moved to Texas. Immigrants escaped potato famine in Ireland and Germany. Other Europeans Immigrants came from Ireland, Poland, Norway, England and France. Came to escape fighting and famine in Europe. Many became artisans, writers and active community members. Alabama-Coushattas Texas Legislature purchased 1,280 acres for the Alabama tribe, Coushatta joined reservation through marriage or special permission Tiguas and Kickapoos Kickapoo settlement set up near Eagle Pass, Texas (125 acres), Tiguas settled near El Paso, Texas