Nico varelas

 1. scientific method18. heat and temperature  2. matter19. waves  3. phase changes20. light/ sound  4.physical /chemical changes21. electromagnetic spectrum  5. solutions22. electricity  6. mixtures  7. physical properties  8. chemical properties  9. elements/compounds  10. electron configuration/ bohr diagram  11. periodic table  12. ions/ionic bonds  13. covalent bonds  14. energy  Potential  Kinetic  15. forms of energy  16. acceleration/power  17. simple machines

 The Scientific Method is a series of steps that helps a scientist to figure out an experiment.  It helps someone to acquire knowledge of something that they didn’t know.  It also comes in handy on proving someone else's experiment wrong or right. steps  Ask a question  Do back ground research  Build a hypothesis  Test hypothesis by doing experiment  Analyze results and come to a conclusion  Communicate your results  The scientific method at first was hard for me but as we started practicing I started to better understand it and I learned how to perform experiments.

 Matter is any thing that takes up space and that has mass.  Matter is related in several ways to light and electromagnetic radiation.  There is five states of matter that have been identified, solid, liquid, gas, plasma, and there is a new one called bose-einstein condensate.  Matter is everything you can pick up touch or see. Phase changes  A phase change is a change that changes what state of matter the substance is.  An example of a phase change is there is an ice cube sitting on a table water starts appearing, that is called melting.  Another example is if you put water in a freezer this is an example of freezing.  This was kind of hard for me to do because of all of the labs.

Physical change  A physical change that does not change the substance it only changes the appearance.  A physical change is from one state to another.  If you step on a can and it is now crushed you have just created a physical change. Chemical change  A chemical change is a change that changes the whole substance.  An example of a chemical change is when a substance changes its color from one to another.  The most common example is fire whenever you burn something you are created a chemical change.  This chapter was one of the easiest for me to do.

 Solutions are pure substances. They have two parts to them the first part is the solute which is the one that is being dissolved and the second part is the solvent which is the one that is dissolving.  Pretty much all solutions can be dissolved into liquids. They also can be gases dissolved into liquids. An example of this is carbonated water.  There can also be gases in other gases and liquids in liquids. If you mix things up and they stay at an even flow, it is a solution. You probably won't find people making solid-solid solutions out in the public.  This chapter was easy for me to do I did not have a problem with this chapter.

 Mixtures are everywhere you look. Mixtures are the form for most things in the world. Rocks air or the ocean, they are just about anything you find. They are objects held together by physical forces, not chemical forces.  That means the single molecules like being near each other, but their chemical make-up does not change when they enter the mixture.  An example of this is salt being dissolved into water.  I did not have a problem with this chapter this year.

 They can be observed or measured without changing the composition of matter.  Physical properties include: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, polarization, and a lot of others.  Physical properties do not get changed to another substance.  Examples are smelling touching seeing and all of the senses that you can use will tell you that it is the physical property.  I did not have difficulty on doing this chapter.

 Chemical properties of matter describes its "potential" to undergo some chemical change or reaction by virtue of its composition.  It is not easy to define chemical property without using the word change.  A chemical property would be nitrogen that has the potential to ignite.  A chemical property will always have chemical change.  This was easy like physical properties I did not have trouble

chemical physical Change substance Will always make chemical change Can find by using senses Substance is not changed Both are prope rties

Elements  Elements are the building blocks of al matter.  They make up everything on the planet.  If there was no atoms nothing would be in the universe. Compounds  Compound are made up of more than one element.  Compounds are groups of two or more elements that are bonded together

 Electron configuration is the arrangement of electrons of a atom.  We use the electron configuration to figure out how many electron clouds there are.  The bhor diagrams show how many electrons and electron clouds that there are.  This section was kind of challenging for me.

 The periodic table is a table of all the elements that shows there mass and atomic number.  Every element to the left has a lower atomic number than the other.  The table was discovered by dimitre Mendeleev.

 A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of electrons between atoms,  it is a bond of electrons.  There is o bonding tt bonding and metal to metal bonding.

 An ion is an atom with either extra electron or missing electrons.  A normal atom is called a neutral atom.  Ions have clouds called orbital's  There are two types of covalent bonds and electro covalent

 Energy helps things to move and to work things. Forms of energy  Potential energy is energy that has the potential to move.  A ball that is sitting on a desk would be considered potential energy. Kinetic  Kinetic energy is energy that is in motion and that has force.  A ball that is moving down a hill would be an example of kinetic energy.

 Acceleration is a change of speed or in velocity.  It is also the rate of change in velocity.  It is the rate something speeds up or slows down. Power  In physics power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is converted.  No work is done if your are not moving or making any movement.

 There is six simple machines wedge, pulley lever screw incline plane wheel and axel.  They all help in our daily life to make our life easier.  A simple machine is a mechanical device that changes the direction of power for a force.

 Heat is transferred from one body to another.  energy transfer by heat between objects is classified as thermal conduction.  Temperature is how hot something is or how cold something is.

 A wave is something that does or doesn’t need medium. Constructive interference  When one wave passes through another they interfere they do not collide or hit all of the terms are incorrect for this topic.  When to crests interfere with each other we call it constructive interference.  We will see this when we are in the ocean and two waves go against each other.  When two waves interfere they increase one of the waves amplitudes.

 When the crest of one wave goes over the trough of another wave it is called destructive interference.  When two waves interfere the amplitudes increase and sometimes it may look like subtraction.

 There are seven levels of visible light.  Light is the portion of electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye  This is responsible for the sense of sight.

 Infrasound is a frequency lower than 20 hertz a second.  Many different types of animals use infrasound to communicate.  Tigers use infrasound as a way to communicate and mark their territory they also use it to call in other tigers to mate with.  Elephants also use infrasound they use it to find out locations of food and other herds.  Cows use it to call out danger and find other herds.  Pigs use infrasound to communicate and find mates.  Chickens use it to find and locate other chickens or roosters

 Ultrasound is a very high pitched noise that the human ear can not pickup.  The human ear can only hear up to 20,000 hertz anything higher humans cannot hear.  Scientists use ultrasound to penetrate a field or to measure a reflection signature.  A real world example of this is the hospital, doctors use ultrasound to look through a women's stomach to see a baby.

 The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of radiation.  The frequency goes from four to twenty four.  We need this list for reasons that we do not even know.

 Electricity is the flow of electrons though a series or parallel circuit.  Electricity needs a conductor to flow through an object.  In electricity there is some thing called charging by induction this charging without contact  Induction is charging without contact.

 A series circuit is a circuit with one battery and one conductor.  If something breaks on a series circuit then the whole thing is broken.  A series circuit is in toys and in small electrical devices.

 A parallel circuit is a circuit that goes many different ways.  It does not have one designated path.  It has many different places to go  Schools or businesses have parallel circuits.