Use of Soybean Products in Diets fed to Swine Hans H. Stein University of Illinois

2 Outline Composition of soybeans New varieties of soybeans Effect of soybean oil on the digestibility of AA Fermented and enzymatically treated soybean meal in diets for weanling pigs Soybean meal (SBM) in the US and other countries Effect of particle size of SBM on AA and energy digestibility

Composition of Soybeans

4 Soybeans and Soybean Meal Soybeans Moisture,%10.0 Minerals,%5.0 Fat, %18.0 Protein, %37.0 Sugar, o-sacch., %13.5 Fiber, %16.5 SBM, not de-hulled SBM, de-hulled

5 Sugar and Oligosaccharides Free sugars: 4.5% Sucrose: 4.5% Galacto-oligosaccharides: 4.5% Raffinose0.6% Stachyose3.7% Verbascose0.2%

6 Effect of Stachyose Weanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning abc Liying et al., 2003

7 Effect of Stachyose Weanling pigs, 21 d post-weaning abc Liying et al., 2003

8 Soybeans with no Oligosaccharides Select soybeans with low concentration of oligosaccharides Remove genes for oligosaccharides Remove oligosaccharides after crushing When oligosaccharides are removed, the concentration of sugar and protein is usually increased.

9 New Varieties of Soybeans Conv. SBHP SBLO SBSBM Water,%10.0 Min.,% Fat, % Protein, % Oligosac., % Sucrose, % Sugar, % Fiber, %

10 Amino acid and energy digesitibility in HP and LO soybean meal Baker and Stein, 2009

11 Soybean Meals Solvent extracted – HP SBM – Conv. SBM Extruded-expelled – EE HP SBM – EE LO SBM – EE conv. SBM

12 Soy Ileal AA Digestibility

13 SID for Lys, % x, y: P < 0.05 xxyyx Baker and Stein, 2009

14 SID for Met, % x, y, z: P < 0.05 xxyzzyz Baker and Stein, 2009

15 SID for Thr, % x, y: P < 0.05 xxyyx Baker and Stein, 2009

16 Conc. of Digestible AA in HP and Conv. SBM Total Conc. Digestible conc. Conv. SBMHP SBMConv. SBMHP SBM CP48.4%55.7%423 g492 g Lys3.20%3.51%28.8 g31.6 g Met0.70%0.78%6.25 g6.91 g Thr1.86%2.09%15.9 g17.8 g Trp0.69%0.75%6.5 g6.7 g Baker and Stein, 2009

17 Metabolizable Energy

18 Metabolizable Energy x, y: P < 0.05 yxyxxyx Baker and Stein, 2009

Effect of Soybean Oil on Amino Acid Digestibility Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

20 Diets HP FFSB Conv. FFSB Conv. SBM Conv. SBM + 7.5% soybean oil SPC SPC + 7.5% soybean oil

21 SID of Lys Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008 y y x xy y z y

22 SID of Met xy yz z x x Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

23 SID of Thr y xy z x yz Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

24 Effect of Soybean Oil on SID of AA in SBM and SPC * P< 0.05 * * * * Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2008

Removal of Oligosaccharides via Fermentation or Enzymatic Hydrolysis Cervantes–Pahm and Stein, 2010

26 Fermentation of SBM Addition of bacteria and fermentation (Fx. Aspergillus Oryzae and Bacillus subtillis) – PepSoyGen – Reduced size of proteins – Reduced concentration of oligosaccharides – Probiotic effect – Reduced concentration of antigenic substances Treatment of SBM with enzymes (and fermentation) – HP 300 – Reduced concentration af antigenic substances

27 Size of Proteins Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010

28 Sucrose and Oligosaccharides Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010

29 Protein Concentration (%) Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010

30 AA Digestibility (%) Measured in weanling pigs (10-25 kg). abbaba Cervantes-Pahm and Stein, 2010

Growth Performance Studies with PepSoyGen

Experiment 1

33 Diets, Day 0-14 SBMFish mealPepSoyGen Corn, % Whey, %20.0 Plasma, %4.0 Soybean meal, % Fish meal, %07.00 PepSoyGen, %007.0 Peters and Stein, 2006

34 Diets, Day ItemSojaskråFiskemelPepSoyGen Corn, % SBM, % Fish meal, %07.00 PepSoyGen, %007.0 Peters and Stein, 2006

35 Average Daily Gain Peters and Stein, 2006

36 Feed:Gain Peters and Stein, 2006

Experiment 2

38 Diets, Day 0-14 Pos. Cont. Neg. Cont. No FishNo whey All PSG Corn, % Whey, % SBM, % Fish meal, % PepSoyGen, % Lys HCL, % Rojas and Stein, 2009

39 Common phase 2 diet, d Item% Corn, %63.33 SBM, %29.0 Fish meal, %0 PepSoyGen, %0 Whey, %0 Lys HCL, %0.36 Rojas and Stein, 2009

40 Average Daily Gain Rojas and Stein, 2009

41 Feed:Gain Rojas and Stein, 2009 a bcbc abcabc ac

Digestibility of P and Energy in enzyme treated SBM Goebel and Stein,

43 ATTD of P Goebel and Stein, 2010 a b aab b a

ME, kcal/kg DM Goebel and Stein, 2010

Soybean Meal in the US and other Countries

46 Concentration of CP (%DM) Illini Sand, 2008

47 Concentration of AA (%DM) Illini Sand, 2008

48 Concentration of AA (%DM) Illini Sand, 2008

49 Standardized Ileal Digestibility Illini Sand, 2008

50 Standardized Ileal Digestibility Illini Sand, 2008

51 Standardized Ileal Digestible AA (%DM) Illini Sand, 2008

52 Standardized Ileal Digestible AA (%DM) Illini Sand, 2008

Conclusions

54 Conclusions Oligosaccharides can reduce gain and increase diarrhea in weanling pigs Several possibilities for reducing oligosaccharides in soybeans and soybean meal Low OL SBM has same or better digestiblity of AA and energy as conv. SBM Soybean meal with high conc. of protein is also available and provides more digestible AA than conv. SBM

55 Conclusions, cont. Fermented and enzymatically treated SBM contain no oligosaccharides PepSoyGen may replace fish meal in starter diets without compromising pig performance – Keep CP low and add synthetic AA

56 Website

57

58 Thank you for the Attention