Feedstuff Analysis Chris Ellason

Feedstuff Analysis 4 Feed Sampling 4 Proximate Analysis –Dry matter –Ash –Crude Protein –Ether Extract –Crude Fiber –NFE

Detergent Method 4 NDF - cell wall components –cellulose –hemicellulose –lignin –silica –heat damaged protein

Detergent Method 4 ADF - Acid Detergent Fiber –lignocellulose 4 NDF used to predict gut fill and intake 4 ADF used to predict digestibility 4 ADIN - acid detergent insoluble nitrogen

Know the Form of the Numbers 4 Dry Matter Basis 4 As-fed Basis 4 Air-dry Basis

Energy Measurements 4 Gross Energy - GE –total potential energy of a feedstuff –determined by bomb calorimeter 4 Fecal Energy - FE –Energy from undigested feed and other components of feces –Determined by bomb calorimeter

Energy Measurements 4 Digestible Energy - DE –GE - FE 4 Gaseous Products of Digestion - GPD –combustible gasses that escape during digestion –mainly methane, traces of H, CO, H 2 S 4 Urinary Energy - UE –loss of spent metabolites and energy through urine

Energy Measures 4 Metabolizable Energy - ME –referred to as usable portion of ingested energy –DE - UE - GPD = ME 4 Heat Increment - HI –heat derived from metabolism or fermentation of feedstuffs

Detergent Method 4 Energy –NE m –NE g –NE l 4 These values are calculated from ADF and NDF

Net Energy - NE 4 Net Energy computed by ME - HI 4 Includes the amount of energy used for maintenance plus some production component 4 NE M –amount of energy expended to maintain energy equilibrium

Net Energy 4 NE M –basal metabolism –energy of voluntary activity –warming of body –cooling of body 4 Net Energy for some production function

Energy Measurements

Common Feeds 4 Carbonaceous Concentrates –High in Energy –Low in fiber –Low in Protein –Variable in protein quality –fair in P –low in Ca

Concentrates 4 Corn –high energy –8 - 9 % CP –Low in Lysine 4 Sorghum Grain –Must be processed –lower in energy than corn –higher in CP than corn

Concentrates 4 Oats – % energy of corn –very palatable –higher in fiber than corn 4 Beet Pulp 4 Molasses

Concentrates 4 Citrus Pulp 4 Animal Fat 4 Cookie Meal

Protein Feeds 4 Soybean meal –low in Ca –most complete in energy and protein 4 Cottonseed meal 4 Peanut Meal

High Moisture Feedstuffs 4 Green Chop - forage chopped in the field and fed without further processing 4 Silage - forage cut wet and put through controlled fermentation

Vitamins and Minerals 4 Add Vitamins to assure adequate amounts 4 Mineral supplementation –all minerals are not created equal –greater absorption of sulfates over oxides –example CuS vs CuO

Feed Additives 4 Antibiotics –Chlortetracycline –AS700 4 Growth Stimulants –ionophores - Bovatec, Rumensin 4 Others –MGA - used to stop heat

Problems Associated with Grain Feeding

Non Ruminants 4 Enteritis –Characterized by inflammation of stomach and possibly SI –Antibiotics in starter rations can control this to some degree 4 Dietary changes, erratic feed intake and weaning stress 4 Also grain overload or highly fermentable feeds

Non Ruminants 4 Laminitis (founder) 4 Inflammation of the laminae 4 Typically a result of poor grain/fiber balance 4 Excessive grain consumption results in excessive lactic acid production

Ruminants 4 Enterotoxemia – over eating disease –Increase in clostridial organisms 4 Severe kidney damage and pin-point hemorrhages in intestine 4 Clostridial vaccination

Ruminants 4 Lactic acidosis – grain overload 4 Overgrowth of bacteria which prefer lower pH environment 4 These are the starch digesting bacteria 4 As they increase pH drops further 4 Primarily due to their production of lactic acid

Ruminants 4 If unchecked acids can be absorbed into the bloodstream resulting in metabolic acidosis 4 Endotoxins and histamine can result in founder 4 Liver abcesses 4 Acidosis can occur in either acute or chronic form

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) 4 Primarily caused by over eating grain 4 Organism in grain causes ruminal production of Thiaminase 4 Causes an acute thiamin deficiency 4 Other PEMs can occur by intakes of high sulfate water or feed –This type is not responsive to thiamin treatment

What to watch for 4 Dairies – low butterfat 4 Humping of back 4 Kicking at stomach 4 Altered intake 4 Fever

What to watch for 4 Gut sounds and motility 4 Rumen pH 4 Cud chewing 4 Feed sorting 4 Hoof problems (softening, white line, sole abcesses) 4 General unhealthy appearance (eyes, ears etc.)