THE CONTROL OF FLOWERING

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Presentation transcript:

THE CONTROL OF FLOWERING PLANTS FLOWER AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE YEAR. HOW DO PLANTS KEEP TRACK OF THE SEASONS? WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS CONTROL FLOWERING? HOW DO ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS BRING ABOUT THE TRANSITION TO FLOWERING?

FLOWERING IN ARABIDOPSIS PP24010.jpg

VEGETATIVE VS. FLOWERING SHOOT APEX IN ARABIDOPSIS VEGETATIVE APEX FLOWERING APEX PP2402A.jpg

FLORAL EVOCATION THE EVENTS OCCURRING IN THE SHOOT APEX THAT SPECIFICALLY COMMIT THE APICAL MERISTEM TO PRODUCE FLOWERS

FLORAL ORGANS ARE INITITATED IN SUCCESSIVE WHORLS PP24030.jpg

MUTATIONS IN FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY GENES PP24050.jpg

THE ABC MODEL FOR FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY PP24060.jpg

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QUADRUPLE MUTANT (ap1, ap2, ap3/pi, ag) RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF LEAF-LIKE STRUCTURES IN PLACE OF FLORAL ORGANS PP2407.jpg

THE SHOOT APEX AND PHASE CHANGES THE SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM PASES THROUGH THREE DEVELOPMENTAL PHASES: 1. THE JUVENILE PHASE 2. THEADULT VEGETATIVE PHASE 3. THEADULT REPRODUCTIVE PHASE

JUVENILE AND ADULT FORMS OF ENGLISH IVY (Hedera helix) (GIBBERELLIN CAUSES REVERSION OF ADULT FORM TO JUVENILE FORM IN ENGLISH IVY) PP2409.jpg

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FLORAL EVOCATION: COMPETENCE AND DETERMINATION PP24120.jpg

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PHOTOPERIODISM: MONITORING DAY LENGTH PLANTS CAN USE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS TO MEASURE DAYLENGTH

PLANTS CAN USE CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS TO MEASURE TIME Entrained rhythm Free running rhythm PP24151.jpg

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DAY LENGTH VARIES WITH LATTITUDE PP24162.jpg

DAY LENGTH VARIES WITH THE MONTH OF THE YEAR AND THE LATTITUDE, EXCEPT AT THE EQUATOR PP24161.jpg Day length = night length all year at the equator

THE DISCOVERY OF PHOTOPERIODISM GARNER AND ALLARD (1920s) AT USDA LAB AT BELTSVILLE, MD STUDIED FLOWERING IN MARYLAND MAMMOTH TOBACCO PLANT. MARYLAND MAMMOTH WAS A SINGLE GENE MUTANT TOBACCO THAT DIDN’T FLOWER IN THE SPRING OR SUMMER, LIKE WILD TYPE. IT ONLY FLOWERED WHEN BROUGHT INTO THE GREEN HOUSE IN THE WINTER.

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PLANTS CAN BE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES Short Day Plants (SDPs) flower when day length is shorter than a critical day length. Long day plants (LDPs) flower when the day length is longer than a critical daylength. Long-short-day plants (LSDPs) flower after a sequence of long days followed by short days. Short-long-day plants (SLDPs) flower after a sequence of short days followed by long days. Day-neutral plants (DNPs) are insensitive to daylength, Flowering is under internal developmental control.

THE SITE OF PERCEPTION OF THE PHOTOPERIODIC STIMULUS IS THE LEAF

EFFECT OF DAY LENGTH ON FLOWERING IN SDPs AND LDPs Critical day langth Critical day langth PP24180.jpg

NIGHT BREAK EXPERIMENTS DEMONSTRATE ROLE OF NIGHT PERIOD IN SDPs PP24191.jpg

NIGHT BREAK EXPERIMENTS ALSO DEMONSTRATE ROLE OF NIGHT PERIOD IN LDPs PP24192.jpg

THE LENGTH OF THE DARK PERIOD REGULATES THE PHOTOPERIODIC RESPONSES IN BOTH SDPs AND LDPs PP24193.jpg

NIGHT BREAKS GIVEN AT DIFFERENT TIMES DURING THE NIGHT PERIOD REVEAL CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY PP24200.jpg

ACCORDING TO THE COINCIDENCE MODEL, THE EFFECT OF THE NIGHT BREAK DEPENDS ON THE RHYTHM OF LIGHT SENSITIVITY PP24210.jpg (SDP Soybean)

PHYTOCHROME IS THE PIGMENT INVOLVED IN MEASURING THE NIGHT LENGTH PP24220.jpg

AS IN THE CASE OF SDPs, ACCORDING TO THE COINCIDENCE MODEL, THE EFFECT OF THE NIGHT BREAK DEPENDS ON THE RHYTHM OF LIGHT SENSITIVITY LDP Arabidopsis PP24240.jpg

VERNALIZATION: PROMOTING FLOWERING WITH COLD TREATMENT (40 DAYS AT 4C) PP2425.jpg Winter-annual Arabidopsis with vernalization Winter-annual Arabidopsis without vernalization

VERNALIZATION: SITE OF PERCEPTION THE SITE OF PERCEPTION OF VERNALIZATION IS THE SHOOT TIP

DEVERNALIZATION THE EFFECT OF COLD TEMPERATURE IN PROMOTING FLOWERING CAN BE REVERSED BY WARM TEMPERATURE (DEVERNALIZATION)

VERNALIZATION BLOCKS THE EXPRESSION OF THE GENE FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) Winter annual without cold PP2427.jpg Winter annual without cold, but with FLC mutation Winter annual after 40 cold days FLC mRNA

GRAFTING STUDIES GRAFTING STUDIES HAVE DEMONSTRATED THE ROLE OF A TRANSMISSIBLE STIMULUS PRODUCED BY LEAVES WHEN PHOTOPERIODICALLY INDUCED.

DEMONSTRATION OF LEAF-GENERATED FLORAL STIMULUS (FLORIGEN) IN THE SDP PERILLA Induced graft donor leaf Uninduced graft donor leaf PP2428.jpg

SUCCESSFUL TRANSMISSION OF FLORAL STIMULUS BY INTERGENERIC GRAFTING Scion: LDP Petunia hybrida, induced with long days. Stock: Nonvernalized, cold-requiring LDP Hyascyamus niger (henbane) PP2429.jpg

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THE PHENOMENON OF INDIRECT INDUCTION PP24301.jpg

MULTIPLE INDUCTION BY A SINGLE INDUCED LEAF PP24302.jpg

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