Bellwork  Read “The Open Door Policy” on page 133 of your HOA textbook, then answer the following questions: 1. Who was John Hay? 2. What was the Open Door Policy? 3. Explain the 1900 conflict with the Righteous and Harmonious Fists. How did this impact U.S. involvement in the region? 4. THINKER: Although imperialism solidified America’s role as a global power, many problems still existed within the U.S. Brainstorm a list of problems that existed in America at the turn of the century. (Try and get as many as possible; 5 minimum)

Problems – political corruption  Tammany Hall: Democratic Party Political Machine  Political Machine: a group the controls the activities of a political party  Controlled NYC politics/elections  Took bribes & offered favors for votes

Problems – Social inequality Lynching: murder by mob without a trial; often, racially motivated

Problems – growth of cities Urbanization: the rapid and massive growth of cities; brought on by immigration & industrialization

Problems – growth of cities Tenements: over- crowded, urban apartment buildings

Problems – Industrial Disorder

Problems - monopolies Monopoly or Trust: the exclusive possession or control of a commodity or industry

Carnegie’s NY house (left) & Rockefeller’s RI house (below)

Cornelius Vanderbilt: shipping and railroad

J.P. Morgan: U.S. Steel Corporation

Problems – Child Labor

Problems - Environment

Problems – Labor Conditions Union: organization of workers fighting for a common cause Strike: organized work stoppage

Problems – internal dissent Socialism: An economic theory that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the government. (in Marxist theory, its viewed as a transitional social state between the overthrow of capitalism and the realization of communism)

Progressivism Social, Political, and Economic Reforms:

Progressivism  Progressive Movement: Effort to reform the U.S. and preserve its democratic values.  Confronted the problems caused by industrialization and urbanization.  The progressives dominated politics in the 1900’s as they tried to combat society’s problems.

Progressive Ideals  Focus on housing shortages, political corruption, and high crime rates.  Feared the wealthy few had too much power and could easily buy their popularity.  Lived in urban areas  Believed a well-run government could protect public interest and restore order to society.

Important Progressives  Jane Addams: Disturbed by all the neglected children and homeless immigrants.  Created the Hull House: Community center where people could learn English, discuss politics, and have their children watched over (nursery).

“Action indeed is the sole medium for the expression of ethics.” “America’s future will be determined by the home and school. The child becomes largely what he is taught; hence, we must watch what we teach, and how we live.”

Important Progressives  Florence Kelly: American social & political reformer  Focused on sweatshops, minimum wage, education and child labor

 “We have, in this country, two million children under the age of sixteen years who are earning their bread. They vary in age from six and seven years (in the cotton mills of Georgia) and eight, nine, and ten years (in the coal-breakers of Pennsylvania). No other portion of the wage earning class increased so rapidly from decade to decade as the young girls from fourteen to twenty years. Tonight while we sleep, several thousand little girls will be working in textile mills, all the night through, in the deafening noise of the spindles and the looms spinning and weaving cotton and wool, silks and ribbons for us to buy. Until the mothers in the great industrial states are enfranchised, we shall none of us be able to free our consciences from participation in this great evil. No one in this room tonight can feel free from such participation. The children make our shoes in the shoe factories; knit our stockings; they spin and weave our cotton underwear in the cotton mills. They carry bundles of garments from the factories to the tenements, little beasts of burden, robbed of school life so that they may work for us. We do not wish this. We prefer to have our work done by men and women. But we are almost powerless. Not wholly powerless, however, are citizens who enjoy the right of petition. For myself, I shall use this power in every possible way until the right to the ballot is granted, and then I shall continue to use both.”  Speech read before the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association on July 22, 1905

Important Progressives  Muckrakers: writers who motivated the public by highlighting social issues.  Attacked wealthy corporations, child labor, corrupt police, prostitution rings, and corrupt churches. Ida Tarbell

 The oil men as a class had been brought up to enormous profits, and held an entirely false standard of values. As explained once in a sensible editorial, "their business was born in a balloon going up, and spent all its early years in the sky." They had seen nothing but the extreme of fortune. One hundred per cent per annum on an investment was in their judgment only a fair profit. If their oil property had not paid for itself entirely in six months, and begun to yield a good percentage, they were inclined to think it a failure. They were notoriously extravagant in the management of their business. Rarely did an oil man write a letter if he could help it. He used the telegraph instead. Whole sets of drilling tools were sometimes sent by express. It was no uncommon thing to see near a oilrig broken tools which could easily have been mended, but which the owner had replaced by new ones. It was anything to save bother with him. Frequently wells were abandoned which might have been pumped on a small but sure profit. The simple fact was that the profits which men in trades all over the country were glad enough to get, the oil producers despised.

Important Progressives  Upton Sinclair: showed unsanitary factory conditions in his novel, The Jungle.  Caused the government to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act: Federal inspection of meat products and regulation of pesticide use. Currently, the FDA: (Food and Drug Administration) Currently, the FDA: (Food and Drug Administration)

“There would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms’ and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, so the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, poisoned bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.” “There would come all the way back from Europe old sausage that had been rejected, and that was moldy and white – it would be dosed with borax and glycerin, and dumped into the hoppers, and made over again for home consumption. There would be meat that had tumbled out on the floor, in the dirt and sawdust, where the workers had tramped and spit uncounted billions of consumption germs. There would be meat stored in great piles in rooms’ and the water from leaky roofs would drip over it, and thousands of rats would race about on it. It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances, so the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, poisoned bread, and meat would go into the hoppers together.” - Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, 1906

Progressive Presidents Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson TR: Wilson: Taft:

Theodore Roosevelt   Nickname: “TR”, “Teddy”, “The Bull Moose”   Personality: Extremely energetic, great speaker   While boxing in the White House with heavyweight John Sullivan, Roosevelt received a blow to his face that left him blind in his left eye. (kept secret for several years)   Mad House: Roosevelt had 6 children, horses, dogs, snakes, cats, a badger, & guinea pigs running around the White House.   Teddy bear named after him

Theodore Roosevelt   A typical TR breakfast included giant mugs of coffee, and 12 eggs!   Firsts: ride in an automobile, fly in an airplane, dive in a submarine, & travel outside the US while in office   Assassination attempt in 1912: “I don’t know whether you fully understand that I have been shot, but it takes more than that to kill a Bull Moose”   Loved to travel: At 60 yrs. old, TR traveled to S. America. He contracted malaria and died a few years later.

Roosevelt’s Business Policies  Sherman Antitrust Act: prohibit monopolies  Bureau of Corporations: investigates antitrust violations  Settled strikes between managers and workers  Meat Inspection Act: outlawed misleading labels and dangerous preservatives

Roosevelt’s Environmental Policies  Conserve nature for recreational use  Created U.S. Forest Service  Set aside 194 million acres for national parks and nature preserves

Theodore Roosevelt "Optimism is a good characteristic, but if carried to an excess, it becomes foolishness. We are prone to speak of the resources of this country as inexhaustible; this is not so." Seventh Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1907

 “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far”  Central point: The U.S. government would intervene to prevent invasion from other powers.  Caused a lot of U.S. interventions in Latin America during the 20 th century  Roosevelt’s “big stick diplomacy” expressed the view that it was the responsibility of the United States to carry out “the most regrettable but necessary international policy duty which must be performed for the sake of the welfare of mankind.”  To keep an open door trading policy with China he mediated a peace agreement between China, Russia and Japan, which ended the Russo-Japanese War. This won him a Nobel Peace Prize.

Use of the “Big Stick” in Latin America Platt Amendment & Troops: 1901 Proposition of Nicaraguan Canal: 1901

 After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. emerged as a world power. In order to connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the U.S. decided to build a canal in Central America. This would make global shipping faster and easier.  In 1899, a Canal Commission was set up to determine which site would be best for the canal (Nicaragua or Panama) and then to oversee construction of the canal – Panama was best candidate  One problem: Panama was owned by Columbia and they refused to give it up.  Solution: U.S. led a revolt, captured Panama, and declared it an independent state.  In return, Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty that gave the U.S. a permanent grant of land to build a canal; Panamanians received $10 million.

The building started in November 1903 and finished in 1914; six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget. The building started in November 1903 and finished in 1914; six months ahead of schedule and $23 million under budget.  Pro-Canal: vital to national security and prosperity  Anti-Canal: gained control of Panama illegally, left bitter relationship between Latin America & the U.S.

Video Clips on the Panama Canal  0VQ&feature=related building of the canal AdO5I&feature=related how it works kjUDr4&feature=related time lapse 0VQ&feature=related AdO5I&feature=related kjUDr4&feature=related 0VQ&feature=related AdO5I&feature=related kjUDr4&feature=related

Roosevelt’s “Big Stick Diplomacy”  You are now going to read about specific interventions justified by Roosevelt’s foreign policy  In your HOA textbook, read pgs , and take notes on the following seven points: 1. Build up of U.S. Navy (Great White Fleet) 2. Panama Canal 3. Involvement in Nicaragua 4. Venezuelan Blockade 5. Roosevelt Corollary 6. Intervention in Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic) 7. Extraterritoriality (include L.A. response)

U.S. Involvement Debate Panel  On Friday, we will be holding a class debate over the Panama Canal and foreign policy during Roosevelt’s presidency.  The class will be divided into four groups. Two groups will represent specific pro-Canal arguments and two group will represent specific anti-Canal arguments  Tonight, you should do some brief background research and come with facts, stories, statistics, to add to your point.  Tomorrow will be debate prep! Be prepared!

Debate Sides – Pd.5 & Pd.7  PRO-CANAL  U.S. Perspective Vital to national security & trade Vital to national security & trade Rhyan, Kira, Erik, Alexis, Avery Rhyan, Kira, Erik, Alexis, Avery Angus, Payton, Cassandra, Ian, Adam Angus, Payton, Cassandra, Ian, Adam  Panamanian Perspective Helped get independence, make money, trade taxes & tariffs Helped get independence, make money, trade taxes & tariffs Jacob Garcia, Alex, Taylor, Tim, Daniel Jacob Garcia, Alex, Taylor, Tim, Daniel Evan, Melissa, Erica, Nikki, Skylar Evan, Melissa, Erica, Nikki, Skylar  ANTI-CANAL  U.S. Perspective Obtained Panama illegally, Monroe Doctrine is outdated, Nicaragua would be a better/more diplomatic choice Jacob Gerber, Zoe, Alijah, Sammy, Landon, Noelle Dino, Madeline, Citlali, Castle  Panamanian Perspective U.S. is abusing their location, need more profit and protection from U.S., too imperialistic Lindsay, Carolina, Victoria, David, Ryan R. Ty, Christian, Ellery, Erin, Brenda