Review of “Isms”

The belief that the history has been created by conflicting interests--the bourgeoisie and the proletariat Socialism

The belief that equality under the law and constitutionalism are paramount to good government Liberalism

Spreading of economic, political, social or other control over foreign lands and people (post-industrial age) Imperialism

Strong sense of belonging to one group based on language, culture, history; desire for unified country Nationalism

Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour Unifiers of Italy

Frederick Wilhelm, Otto von Bismarck Unifiers of Germany

Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Brains behind socialism

Alexis de Tocqueville Wrote “Democracy in America” Liberal theorist Supporter of Constitutional Monarchy Supporter of Reform not revolution

The Communist Manifesto is written by… Karl Marx and F. Engels

Sardinia, Papal States, Austrian territories, Piedmont Before Italian Unification--all independent states Joined the Italian confederation

How could one consider Wisconsin a Nation? Unity brought about by winning the NFL Super Bowl Unified people through sports language and culture Everybody likes cheese

Germany after Napoleon I 38 German State Confederation

Germany over last 300 years 300 Germans provinces and princes Holy Roman Empire Peace of Augsburg 30 Years War/Peace of Westphalia Rise of Prussia Hohenzollerns, Brandenburg Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Who should lead—Big Germans, Small Germans

Herder’s romantic concept Volkgeist—spirit of the people

Other German romantic nationalists Grimms Brothers, Treischke, Fabri,

1848 Revolution in Prussia sequence Frankfurt Assembly Attempt to unify Germans Disagree over Big/Small Germans Not organized Crown offered to FW IV Frederick William IV turns down crown German Confederation 39 states

Austria areas of revolution Vienna—constitution, liberal, German Prague—nationalist, Czechs/Bohemians, failed, government crushed Budapest—Magyars/Hungarians, Kossuth, March Laws, crushed after several months (1849)

Theorist for Zionism Theodor Herzl

Theorist for Risorgimento/document Guiseppe Mazzini Duties of Man Romantic nationalist

Leader of the Hungarian Revolution 1848 Louis Kossuth

Goals of Hungarians Liberal constitution Autonomy for Magyars/Hungarians Crushed by Austrian and Russian forces

Another 1848 Revolution in Austrian Empire Prague Czechs/Bohemians Also crushed

2 Revolutions in the Prussian Empire? Berlin and Frankfurt 1848

Goal and results of Berlin Assembly created Coalition of workers and students/mid class Desire for liberal constitution Ultimately crushed due to lack of organization, leadership

Goal results of Frankfurt Liberal constitution Assembly formed Unify germans Looked to Austria first to lead (Big Germany Offered crown to Frederick Wilhelm IV Turned down crown from the gutter

Biggest Problem with Frankfurt Lack of organization; waffled on who was to lead Germany

What were the results of the revolutions in Prussia and Austrian Empires Failed, but would eventually be successful with the unification of Germany in 1871 and the Dual Monarchy of 1866 with Austrians and Magyars

What was the February Revo about in France? Workers and Mid. Class unhappy about “banquets” being delayed Wanted political and economic reforms

June Days? Workshops ended Barricades Cavagnac sent troops against people, soldiers followed orders this time Led to 2 nd Republic, new constitution

Decembrists? 1825 uprising of Russian military officers Wanted liberal changes Wanted Constantine, not Nickolas

July Monarch? Louis Phillippe the bourgeois king Pro business, middle class Ineffective by 1848 Came to power in 1830 after Charles X

How were the French Revolutions different from those in other parts of Europe in 1848? Not nationalistic More economic in nature Ended with republic, but then empire of Napoleon III

What other areas of the world have written about and fought for national identity? Greece, Croatia, Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia, Chechnya, Taiwan, etc.

Slogan Blood and Iron Otto von Bismarck

Realpolitik Do whatever is necessary to carry out goals Bismarck

In a nutshell, how was Germany unified? 3 wars— Danish Austrian/7 Weeks Franco Prussian—ended Second Empire of Napoleon III

French Revolution was this kind of revolution Liberal Revolution

In order to unify Italy, Cavour allied with what country? France

Give the sequence of unification of Italy— Piedmont Sardinia coalition with France War against Austria—Lombardy added Win at Magenta and Solverino Venetia added Garibaldi from South to Rome—added Sicily and lower boot Victor Emmanuel becomes Const monarch Rome added/Papal states, plebiscites

Leader of 2 nd Republic and 2 nd Empire in France? Napoleon III

_______________ is the belief that the world should be viewed _______________ without the emotions of the Romantics. –Realism, Realistically

Romanticists valued ____________ and had a passionate interest in the____________. Individualism, past

Romanticism challenged the Enlightenment and stressed __________ and _____________. Emotion, sentiment

Indochina, Algeria, Tunisia French colonies Assimilation emphasized Revolutions necessary to decolonize

Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico American “Spheres of Influence” After Spanish American War

Motivations for Imperialism… Raw materials and markets Civilizing mission Living space National power

New imperialism is different from old colonialism in what way? Industrial age Need for markets and raw materials Highest stage of capitalism

Lenin believed it was the highest stage of Capitalism Imperialism due to industrialism Need for markets and resources

Key imperialists: Stanley, Livingstone Kichener Rhodes DeBrazza Leopold II

South Africa, Egypt, India, Ghana, Nigeria English colonies gradual decolonization emphasized

Cecil Rhodes, Emigration Societies Rhodes was an British Imperialist Cairo to Capetown Railroad design Emigration Societies got men and women to go to colonies

Imperialism’s Affect on Women-- Need for talented women in the colonies Serve national needs of mother country Jill of all trades

Imperialism’s Affect on Indigenous people? Outside control of resources Outside control of economy and gov’t People begin to want independence

Africa was known as the Dark Continent--Why? Europeans did not know much about the interior of Africa Diseases and lack of maps/transportation kept them along coastal areas

True or False: Decolonization is the process of getting independence from imperialists True

What is militarism? Build up of military Desire to use military to carry out goals of expansion

Define Social Darwinism Based on Charles Darwins scientific theory Belief that survival of the fittest applied to society and social problems too Belief that powerful countries would take over weaker ones

Vocab that means having and wanting to use lots of weapons Militarism

Belief in the power of technology and looking forward Modernism

Burma and Singapore controlled by: England

Cambodia, Laos, and Annam/Vietnam controlled by: France

Thailand was unique in imperialist history because: It remained independent

Saigon and Rangoon were: Major cities in Asia

Coffee, palm oil, and sugar Food resources exported from Asia

Tin, rubber, cotton Natural resources used in industry

What did DeLesseps do? Frenchman who built the Suez Canal Tried to build the Panama Canal and failed

Who was Leopold II? King of Belgium Brutal control of the Congo in Africa

Who were Stanley and Livingstone? Stanley was a reporter and Livingstone was an explorer and missionary Explored Africa

Who was Cecil Rhodes? British imperialist Leader of Rhodesia Idea man behind Cairo to Capetown railroad

Who was Shaka? Great leader of the Zulu tribe