Rome Under Caesar Emmy Satterfield, Hannah Mattes, Allyson Echols, Christen Brouillette, Liz Pikul

First, a Little Bit about Caesar… Lived July 12th, 100 BCE- March 15th, 44 BCE Parents- Gaius and Aurelia Caesar Married first to Cornelia (and had daughter, Julia), then Pompeia, then Calpurnia Born into an old aristocratic family (not rich however) Guest-starred on He-Man (This is a joke. Please do not deduct points.)

Background Information on Rome at the Time… Chaotic and dysfunctional partially in due to imperialism Central government powerless and regionalism in practice among independent principalities Corrupt aristocracy/politics

Major Social and Cultural Changes and Events

Family and Marriage Legislation to support family life- Men could no longer mistreat children (their property)- discipline through encouragement reason Legislation to support marriage- Adultery outlawed Marriage legally documented

Agriculture State –subsidized grain Distribution of land to veterans and veteran colony establishments

Calendar Adopted the 365 days a year with leap year every 4 as the Pontifex Maximus (later modified into modern calendar by Pope Gregory XIII)

Major Political Changes and Events

The Introduction of a New Constitution Introduced new constitution to: Suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces to bring order back to the republic To create a strong central government in Rome To unite the entire republic into one peaceful unit

Alliance with Crassus and Pompey Pompey eventually betrayed Caesar Allowed their political dominance of Rome Opposed by Roman Senate and conservative elite Supporters of Cicero Cato the Younger

Conquests and Major Battles 58 BC- took Gaul, Battle of the Arar (Saone), Battle of Bibracte 57 BC- Battle of the Axona (Aisne) and Battle of Sabis (Sambre) 55 BC- first Roman invasion of Britain 52 BC- Acaricum, Battle of Alesia 51 BC- Battle of Uxellodunum 48 BC- Battle of Dyrrhachium, Battle of Pharsalus 47 BC- Battle of the Nile, Battle of Zela 46 BC- Battle of Thapsus 45 BC- Battle of Munda

Senate Opened to non-Romans Autocracy that made the Senate essentially his servants Appointed own senate Could veto senate Raised depleted senate to 900 memebers after return to Rome (47 BC)

Major Economic Changes and Events

Taxation, Debt, and Public Reductions 5% Rome’s gross product (2-5% per person) Complex direct and indirect taxation To maintain the military Passed taxes on foreign ships on Roman harbors Debt restructuring law- eliminated ¼ of all debts owed Reduced number of citizens on free grain dole from 300,000 to 180,000 The Great Caesar practicing amazing modesty by putting his face on currency.

Caesar as the Governor of Gaul Served 58 BC – 54 BC 58 BC: raised 10 legions (5,000 men, 10-20,000 allies) and defeated Halvetii, shattered German invasion and slaughtered them 57 BC: attacked Nervii and won despite poor strategy 56 BC: established second term

Caesar as the Governor of Gaul Continued 55 BC: invaded Britain for propaganda, threat of German invasion present 54 BC- Revolt began in Belgae 52 BC- Arverni chief Vercingetorix eventually defeated Caesar Arrived because need of profitable war (spent too much money on politics) Became governor after fled Rome to avoid being killed

Becoming the Dictator of Rome Appointed dictator Feb. 14th, 44 BC and appointed for life 47 BC (served 10 years) How: Gained power through alliances (Pompey and Crassus) No serious public opposition Granted triumphs by senate for victories in war Numerous political/social/economic reforms

The First Triumvirate The political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey) - 60-53 BC Crassus and Pompey didn’t get along, but Caesar brought them together Caesar was off at war, Pompey was jealous of his Crassus’s success and was leaning towards a senatorial party

First Triumvirate Continued Crassus was killed (53 BC), leading Pompey and Caesar to a power struggle Pompey was assassinated (48 BC) and Caesar took over Rome

Cleopatra Julius Caesar helped Cleopatra and her brother take over Egypt in 47 BC They had a son named Ptolemy XV (Caesarion) They were married despite Casesar’s current marriage to Calpurnia Last pharaoh of Egypt

“Any salad is a caesar salad if you stab it enough…” Assassination Assassinated by Roman senators because they feared he would become a tyrant Stabbed 23 times on the Ides of March (March 15), 44 BC Led to Liberators’ Civil War and Principate period of the Roman Empire “Any salad is a caesar salad if you stab it enough…”

Fun Facts! When he invaded Egypt for Cleopatra, Ptolemy sent him 2 female prostitutes. He sent them back because he was getting married to Cleopatra and Ptolemy sent 2 guys back. At 22 he was kidnapped by pirates. When they set his ransom he demanded that it be higher. When the ransom was paid, he chased down the pirates and cut each of their throats. His second wife was the niece of his first wife. Julius Caesar was accused of being the lover of King Nicomedes. He was almost a priest He named the month of July after himself Father died when he was 15

The Funnies

Sources (Information) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Julius_Caesar#Social_reforms http://www.answers.com/Q/What_reforms_were_Introduced_by_Julius_Caesar http://www.historynet.com/julius-caesars-triumph-in-gaul.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar http://www.mmdtkw.org/RomeShak208a-Triumvirate2.jpg www.penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclpaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/egpyt.html www.ancienthistory.about.com/od/casaer1/a/Casaer_2.html www.History.com?news/history-lists/5-things-you-might-not-know-about-julius-casaer http://www.roman-empire.net/republic/caesar.html https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Julius_Caesar.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Julius_Caesar http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A531767 http://www.crystalinks.com/juliuscaesar.html http://www.biography.com/#!/people/julius-caesar-9192504#synopsis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar#Dictatorship_and_assassination

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