Water On and Under the ground Water On and Under the ground

Precipitation “rain” Precipitation “rain” Evaporation liquid converts to a vapor Evaporation liquid converts to a vapor Condensation vapor converts to a liquid Condensation vapor converts to a liquid Runoff excess water moving into rivers, lakes Runoff excess water moving into rivers, lakes Infiltration water “soaks” into the soil Infiltration water “soaks” into the soil Evapotranspiration (EvapT) evaporation + transpiration, evaporation from water bodies and off a plants Evapotranspiration (EvapT) evaporation + transpiration, evaporation from water bodies and off a plants

The Hydrologic Cycle Condensation water vapor cools and converts back to a “suspended” liquid Evaporation Ocean contributes 80% of total water vapor Cloud Formation Precipitation Surface Run-off Groundwater

II tHE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. Discuss with a friend: 1.Draw the hydrologic cycle from memory Include the following: Include the following: precipitation evaporation condensation infiltration surface run-off groundwater 2. How do each of the above terms relate to one another? to one another?

Where has all the water gone ? 21%21%.03%.03%.003%.003%.62%.62% 76 % Most fresh water is locked up in ice (frozen water) Most fresh water is locked up in ice (frozen water) Fresh water %

II to know where the water is I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. Discuss with a friend: 1. What % of water are oceans? 2. In what form is most of the fresh water on earth? on earth? 3.Fresh water makes what % of the total water found on earth? water found on earth? 4. What % is groundwater on the earth?

October 4, 2010 Agenda: SILENCE YOUR CELL PHONE AND PLEASE DO NOT TEXT MESSAGE!! EP 1,2,3,4,5 are complete and ready for pick up Q1– % graded – ready Tuesday Try and download PT lab today?? EXAM-1 October 6, 2010 ES-intro, minerals, rocks, water October 4, 2010 Agenda: SILENCE YOUR CELL PHONE AND PLEASE DO NOT TEXT MESSAGE!! EP 1,2,3,4,5 are complete and ready for pick up Q1– % graded – ready Tuesday Try and download PT lab today?? EXAM-1 October 6, 2010 ES-intro, minerals, rocks, water

How Water Affects Land Do you believe that water runs down-hill Where does it go????????????????????? Do you believe that water runs down-hill Where does it go????????????????????? Precipitation Overland flow Precipitation Overland flow Stream flow Stream Channel Stream flow Stream Channel Overland flow + Stream flow = Surface Runoff How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms? How does surface run-off affect streams and produce various land forms?

Factors that affect a streams channel Load type of sediment carried by the stream Gradient the steepness of a stream channel Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low) Factors that affect a streams channel Load type of sediment carried by the stream Gradient the steepness of a stream channel Discharge the volume water exiting the stream (high or low) The gradient, load and discharge defines the character of the stream how the stream flows what land features are formed The gradient, load and discharge defines the character of the stream how the stream flows what land features are formed

How does gradient influence the transportation of various types of loads? Sediment load types

Steeper Gradient transport of the bed load increase velocity Gentle Gradient transport of suspended and dissolved loads

How much “velocity” is needed (Discharge)

II Watching the stream I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. Discuss with a friend: 1.How are gradient, discharge, and load related to stream channels? related to stream channels? 2. What are the three types of loads carried by streams? by streams?

Steep Gradient increase velocity increase load increase discharge Steep Gradient increase velocity increase load increase discharge Gentle Gradient decrease velocity decrease load decrease discharge Gentle Gradient decrease velocity decrease load decrease discharge

Creating landforms by streams using erosion and deposition D E Deposition Erosion straight streams meandering streams braided streams

Straight Stream channel usually occurs over a short distance high gradient (near headwaters) takes on the classic “V” shape profile Straight Stream channel usually occurs over a short distance high gradient (near headwaters) takes on the classic “V” shape profile “V” shaped valley young stream “V” shaped valley young stream

Meandering stream channel low gradient erosional / depositional features Meandering stream channel low gradient erosional / depositional features Point Bars sand deposits Point Bars sand deposits Main channel Cut banks E E D D E E D D Where is the erosional and depositional parts of the river? Where is the erosional and depositional parts of the river?

Braided Stream channel very low gradient large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked” Braided Stream channel very low gradient large load (lots of sediment) – causing the stream to “move” around the sediment and becoming “choked”

II watching the stream I will get an A on my exams and quizzes. Discuss with a friend: 1.List at least 2-characteristics that define a straight, meandering and braided stream channel system. stream channel system. Characteristics such as: load capacity, gradient and discharge

Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – or decreases “gradient” Stream deposits – what happens to the sediment when the stream looses energy – or decreases “gradient” Types of stream deposits floodplains oxbow lakes alluvial fans delta deposits Types of stream deposits floodplains oxbow lakes alluvial fans delta deposits High Energy Low Energy

Floodplain “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding) Floodplain “flat” area adjacent to a river which is invaded by high river discharge (flooding) floodplain

Oxbow lake Oxbow lake Oxbow Lakes

Alluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment deposit Alluvial Fans – fan shaped sediment deposit Steep gradient carrying large sediment load enters an area that is flat Steep gradient carrying large sediment load enters an area that is flat

Where’s Bakersfield built on an alluvial fan Where’s Bakersfield built on an alluvial fan Bakersfield

Delta stream deposit stream deposits sediment into a large body of water (ocean) Cross-bedded deltaic deposits

Nile River in Egypt deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea Delta means in Greek Nile River in Egypt deposits sediment into the Mediterranean sea Delta means in Greek

Flood Meandering streams Alluvial fans Alluvial fans Typical stream channel components Typical stream channel components

II Watching the stream deposits I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend Define the four types of stream deposits 1. Define the four types of stream deposits 2. Give at least 2 characteristics of each stream deposit type stream deposit type 3. Describe how an oxbow lake forms

Surface Water as a hazard Floods Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph Floods Floods are NORMAL – only when people live in the area they become a hazard Floods can be predicted using a hydrograph Time Scientists can predict the time of the water surge or when the crest will appear (water wave) Start

Predicting a flood

What if the Isabella Dam breaks? Will Bakersfield flood???? What if the Isabella Dam breaks? Will Bakersfield flood???? Alluvial fan

II Watching a flood I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.What is a hydrograph 2. How do scientist predict a flood for a particular area? a particular area? 3.How would you explain the flood map for the Bakersfield area the Bakersfield area

Groundwater distribution and Movement

Factors that influence the storage and movement of groundwater Factors that influence the storage and movement of groundwater Porosity: the amount of void spaces available to spaces available to store water store water Expressed as a % Porosity: the amount of void spaces available to spaces available to store water store water Expressed as a % 10% -20% 30%-50% Permeability: the ability for water to move (transmit) through the media (transmit) through the mediaPermeability: the ability for water to move (transmit) through the media (transmit) through the media

Distribution and Movement of groundwater Saturated Zone – pore spaces completely “full” Unsaturated Zone – pore spaces “not” full top of water table

II Drinking ground-water I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.Describe the differences between porosity and permeability and permeability 2. What does mean? (the symbol) 3. Define the following: 1.Unsaturated zone 2.Saturated zone 3.Perched aquifer

High Porosity High Permeability High Porosity High Permeability SaturatedSaturated Un-saturatedUn-saturated Perched aquifer AA BB DD What are the zones?

High Porosity - Permeability AquiferAquifer Low Porosity - Permeability AquitardAquitard Clay Aquifer under pressure (confined) Aquifer under pressure (confined) Porosity and Permeability

Movement of Groundwater Areas of high pressure Areas of Low pressure

II Groundwater characteristics I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.Describe the differences between an unconfined and confined aquifers unconfined and confined aquifers 2.What is an aquitard? 3. Describe the general flow of groundwater

DrawdownDrawdown Water Wells Producing a cone of depression AA BB residential uses – small cone of depression (A) Industrial uses – large cone of depression (B)

“Pressure Surface Above pressure surface NOT - Artesian Below the pressure surface - Artesian Artesian well : flowing water from a well not being pumped being pumped confined conditions (1) pressure forces water up(2) Confined aquifer (1) Aquitard (2)

II Watching the stream I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.How would you describe a “cone of depression? depression? 2. How can groundwater wells influence other people living in an area? people living in an area? 3. What conditions are necessary to produce an artesian well? an artesian well?

Groundwater Contamination Cecil Ave Muffler / Glass shop U-Save GAS Santa Monica Example:

Weathering: the chemical and physical breakdown of rock – exposed to wind, water, ice, and livingorganisms Regolith: loose or broken rock layers resulting from weathering -- covers most of the earth Soil: the upper-most layer of regolith that’s supports life

Do “things” last for ever ??? Consider ? New concrete ? A 1955 Chevrolet

Rocks can be broken down or chemically altered on the earth’s surface Mechanical Weathering: rocks are physically broken down by surface processes (broken into smaller parts) Chemical Weathering: rocks are altered from one form to a completely new form changed into different compounds Rocks can be broken down or chemically altered on the earth’s surface Mechanical Weathering: rocks are physically broken down by surface processes (broken into smaller parts) Chemical Weathering: rocks are altered from one form to a completely new form changed into different compounds

II weatheringweathering I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.Describe the difference between mechanical and chemical weathering mechanical and chemical weathering 2. Give two examples of MW and CW you have observed have observed

Mechanical Weathering – the breaking down of rocks How do we expose “more surface” area for chemical weathering to do its job ? Let’s show some surface How do we expose “more surface” area for chemical weathering to do its job ? Let’s show some surface Less surface area More surface area The more mechanical weathering the more acceleration of chemical weathering The more mechanical weathering the more acceleration of chemical weathering RockRock

Types of Mechanical Weathering processes Frost Wedging : repeated cycles of freezing and thawing rock Water Freezes (expands) pieces break off (watch for falling rock) pieces break off (watch for falling rock) Dominantly takes place in freezing / thawing areas Unloading – reduction of pressure from overlying rocks -- take the pressure off me? overlying rocks -- take the pressure off me? Unloading – reduction of pressure from overlying rocks -- take the pressure off me? overlying rocks -- take the pressure off me? overlying rocks Sheet like structures granite pluton eroded and uplifted WaterWater granite pluton

Frost Wedging – rocks are broken into “plates” “plates”

Exfoliation Dome – granite is “sheeting” from loss of pressure Exfoliation Dome – granite is “sheeting” from loss of pressure

Types of Mechanical Weathering processes Biological Activity – breaking down rocks through animal burrowinganimal burrowing HumansHumans Plant rootsPlant roots Animal burrowing Plant root weathering Human intervention

II Mechanical weathering I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.Why is MW important? 2. Briefly describe how frost wedging, unloading and biological activity unloading and biological activity contributes to mechanical weathering contributes to mechanical weathering

Chemical Weathering Rocks undergo a chemical alteration changing into a new compound new compound Chemical Weathering Rocks undergo a chemical alteration changing into a new compound new compound Why would a perfectly good rock want to change it’s appearance? STABILITY! The rocks require stability and achieve STABILITY! The rocks require stability and achieve equilibrium with it’s surroundings equilibrium with it’s surroundings Most rocks are not chemically stable at theMost rocks are not chemically stable at the earth’s surface earth’s surface Minerals (compositions) change to become stableMinerals (compositions) change to become stable at surface conditions at surface conditions Why would a perfectly good rock want to change it’s appearance? STABILITY! The rocks require stability and achieve STABILITY! The rocks require stability and achieve equilibrium with it’s surroundings equilibrium with it’s surroundings Most rocks are not chemically stable at theMost rocks are not chemically stable at the earth’s surface earth’s surface Minerals (compositions) change to become stableMinerals (compositions) change to become stable at surface conditions at surface conditions

What common agent can begin the process of chemical alteration????? The Universal Solvent – WATER (H 2 O)The Universal Solvent – WATER (H 2 O) What common agent can begin the process of chemical alteration????? The Universal Solvent – WATER (H 2 O)The Universal Solvent – WATER (H 2 O) How would we speed up the action of water? Rain + ????? What in the atmosphere is added to water to create a weak acid? H 2 O (rain) + CO 2 (atmosphere) = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic Acid) H 2 O (rain) + CO 2 (atmosphere) = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic Acid) How would we speed up the action of water? Rain + ????? What in the atmosphere is added to water to create a weak acid? H 2 O (rain) + CO 2 (atmosphere) = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic Acid) H 2 O (rain) + CO 2 (atmosphere) = H 2 CO 3 (carbonic Acid) Let’s weather some granite with the natural acid H 2 CO 3 Granite – the most abundant continental rock weathering the potassium feldspar (orthoclase) weathering the potassium feldspar (orthoclase) Granite – the most abundant continental rock weathering the potassium feldspar (orthoclase) weathering the potassium feldspar (orthoclase) 2KAlSi 2 O 8 + 2(H + + HCO 3 ) + H 2 O Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 + 2K + 2HCO 3 + 4SiO 2 orthoclaseorthoclase carbonic acid waterwater kaolinite clay in solution potassiumpotassium bicarbonatebicarbonate silicasilica Granite has been chemically weathered and broken down into individual grains Granite has been chemically weathered and broken down into individual grains

Reduced to Clay

II Mass Wasting I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.What is the universal solvent? 2. How is carbonic acid produced naturally naturally 3. How would you describe the “last” or most reduced material the end most reduced material the end product of weathering? product of weathering?

Mass Wasting

What do these pictures have common ?

What is Mass Wasting ? Down-slope movement of rock Down-slope movement of rock and soil under the direct and soil under the direct influence of GRAVITY influence of GRAVITY What force acts alone – to create movements of the earth?

The role of Mass wasting– What’s it good for? Responsible for the evolution of Responsible for the evolution of landforms – features of the earth landforms – features of the earth weathering weakens rock – does weathering weakens rock – does not create significant landforms not create significant landforms need mass wasting to impact need mass wasting to impact weathering and shape significant weathering and shape significant earth features earth features Example: River Valley from weathering River Valley widened by mass wasting

Wider Valley

II Mass Wasting I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1. What is mass wasting ? 2. What single “force” acts to produce mass wasting processes mass wasting processes 3. What is mass wasting “good for” – what is the sole purpose of mass what is the sole purpose of mass wasting wasting

So, what “triggers” a mass wasting episode – the work of gravity ? The role of water The role of water Slopes to steep Slopes to steep removal of vegetation removal of vegetation Earthquakes Earthquakes

The role of water water saturates surface materials water saturates surface materials particles loose their cohesion (can’t particles loose their cohesion (can’t stick together stick together particles slide past one another – and particles slide past one another – and slips downward under gravity slips downward under gravity

Slopes to steep slopes steeper and exceed the “angle of slopes steeper and exceed the “angle of repose” and move downward to repose” and move downward to stabilize or reach equilibrium with stabilize or reach equilibrium with the surroundings the surroundings Angle of repose: the angle at which particles are overtaken by the angle at which particles are overtaken by gravity and move downward gravity and move downward angle depends on size, shape, moisture content of angle depends on size, shape, moisture content of accumulated particles accumulated particles Dry Sand Wet Sand

Removal of vegetation where plants are lacking – mass wasting where plants are lacking – mass wasting attacking attacking root systems bind soil root systems bind soil where soil is removed- frequent where soil is removed- frequent down slope movements occur down slope movements occur

The Role of Earthquakes areas that have not moved in “years”, areas that have not moved in “years”, are activated by seismic waves are activated by seismic waves Mass slide produced by an earthquake dammed a river forming a lake

II Mass Wasting I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.Describe the 4 triggers that enable mass wasting process. mass wasting process. 2. What the angle of repose 3. What is the most dominant “trigger” causing the onset of mass wasting causing the onset of mass wasting

How do geologists classify various mass wasting processes Classification is based on Classification is based on Material Unconsolidated: debris, mud, earth Bedrock: rock Motion Fall: freefall of material Slide: material moves cohesively along well defined surface well defined surface Flow: material moves down-slope as a viscous fluid a viscous fluid

II Mass Wasting I will get an A on my exams and quizzes Discuss with a friend 1.What two criteria do geologist use to classify mass wasting movements classify mass wasting movements

Classificationof Mass Wasting Processes

SLUMP downward movement of a sliding downward movement of a sliding mass or rock or unconsolidated mass or rock or unconsolidated material moving as a unit along a material moving as a unit along a curved surface curved surface moves very slow moves very slow over-steepened slopes (T) over-steepened slopes (T) water saturated (T) water saturated (T)

Rockslide blocks of bedrock break loose and slide blocks of bedrock break loose and slide down a slope down a slope Debris slide unconsolidated materials break loose and unconsolidated materials break loose and slide down a slope slide down a slope Debris flow Rockslide Over steepness (T)

Debris Flow rapid mass movement containing soil rapid mass movement containing soil and regolith with large amounts of and regolith with large amounts of water water Water saturation (T)

Lahars debris flows composed largely of volcanic debris flows composed largely of volcanic material from the flanks material from the flanks flows down existing stream valleys flows down existing stream valleys extremely destructive events’ extremely destructive events’ water saturation (T) water saturation (T) Lahars buried A village

Earth Flow form on hillsides in humid areas with form on hillsides in humid areas with abundant precipitation abundant precipitation water saturated – hill may break away water saturated – hill may break away under gravity and weight of soil under gravity and weight of soil water saturated (T) water saturated (T) rich in clays and silt rich in clays and silt slow moving flows slow moving flows

Soil Creep the gradual downhill movement of soil and the gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith. regolith. soil moves extremely slow soil moves extremely slow soil disturbed by rain, roots soil disturbed by rain, roots water saturation (T) water saturation (T)

I>Clicker question: 1.Bakersfield is constructed on what type of river deposit. a. alluvial fan deposit b. turbidite deposit c. delta deposit d. dry lake bed 1.Bakersfield is constructed on what type of river deposit. a. alluvial fan deposit b. turbidite deposit c. delta deposit d. dry lake bed 2. Ice makes up approximately ______ of all fresh water a. 70%b. 30% c. 50%c. 10% 2. Ice makes up approximately ______ of all fresh water a. 70%b. 30% c. 50%c. 10%