1 Ch 5-1 Surface Processes & Landscapes

2 The Water Cycle Water is continuously moving between the atmo, the ground, and back into the atmo again (Dynamic Equilibrium) Be able to explain all the parts & where the water goes (see text book)

3 Water Cycle Vocab Evapotranspiration – all water vapor being released into the atmo (from water & plants) Runoff – water flowing along the surface Infiltration – water sinking into the ground Ground Water – water found in the ground between the particles of soil & rocks (  es)

4 More Water Table Vocab Water Table – the top of water in the ground (  es) Regolith – ground able to hold on to water

Zone of Aeration – area of regolith that does not have water (  es) Zone of Saturation – region of the ground that contains water (  es) 5

6 Ground Water Infiltration Can only occur if the surface is permeable & unsaturated The less saturated the regolith, the more infiltration can occur (relationship?) The steeper the slope, the less the infiltration (relationship?) Also affected by the particles: their shape, how tightly they are packed & by the way they are sorted

Permeability Pore spaces between the loose material of the regolith must be interconnected The larger the size of particles, the more permeable it is (relationship?) 7

Porosity Usually presented as a % comparing open space to total volume Depends on: Shape – rounder has more pore space Packing – tightly packed has lower pore space Sorting – sorted means they are the same size Well sorted particles has more pore space SIZE IS NOT A FACTOR (volleyballs) 8

9 Retained Water Depends on particle size Smaller pieces will add up to more surface area Capillarity Water moves upward through small openings Smaller particles = greater capillarity Normal straw vs. juice box straw

10 Runoff Number of factors that determine runoff: If the ground is saturated (full) Rains faster than it can soak into the ground Slope is too steep Surface is impermeable Surface is frozen regolith Plants slow runoff Water goes to streams & eventually the ocean

11 Runoff

12 Soil Major product of weathering Composed of rocks, minerals & organic matter Has all 3 states of matter Liquid water allows chemical action Air & gasses provide nutrients & increase weathering

13 Soil Types Soil Types - depend on their place of origin Residual Soil – formed from the bedrock beneath it (matches the bedrock) Transported Soil – formed somewhere else & got moved to a new location (does not match the bedrock)

14 Soil Profiles Soil Profile - develops into layers Each layer has a different texture, color & composition (see text book) COW STORY

Soil Conservation Takes a long time to form topsoil able to support plants/crops Depletion is when too many nutrients are removed from the soil Crop rotation helps prevent depletion 15

Contour Plowing – planting in rows parallel to the shape of the land Strip Cropping – planting strips of low growing plants between higher plants 16