Robert K. Merton “Strain Theory” “Strain Theory” Individual Level Individual Level Gap between economic aspirations (which all are encouraged to pursue) and structural reality (limited opportunity) Gap between economic aspirations (which all are encouraged to pursue) and structural reality (limited opportunity) Policy Implications? Policy Implications? Increase opportunity for lower class youth Increase opportunity for lower class youth “Mobilization for Youth” Program “Mobilization for Youth” Program

MERTON II Culture Culture THE “American Dream” mentality THE “American Dream” mentality Social Structure Social Structure Unequal distribution of means for achieving the “American Dream” Unequal distribution of means for achieving the “American Dream” Problems? Problems? Preoccupied with Lower Class Preoccupied with Lower Class Addresses only “Economic Crimes” Addresses only “Economic Crimes” Everyone focused on the MICRO level theory Everyone focused on the MICRO level theory

Messner and Rosenfeld (1995) CRIME AND THE AMERICAN DREAM CRIME AND THE AMERICAN DREAM “The Road not Taken” “The Road not Taken” Focus on Anomie at Macro level Focus on Anomie at Macro level Why is U.S. so crime-prone? Why is U.S. so crime-prone? Culture = American Dream Culture = American Dream Social Structure = more than $ Social Structure = more than $

The Culture: Elements of the “American Dream” Achievement Achievement Individualism Individualism Universalism Universalism The “fetishism” of money The “fetishism” of money These elements encourage “Anomic conditions” These elements encourage “Anomic conditions”

THE AMERICAN DREAM PRODUCES ANOMIE MERTON: Pursuit of financial success is “limited only by considerations of technical expediency.” MERTON: Pursuit of financial success is “limited only by considerations of technical expediency.” Lombardi: Winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing. Lombardi: Winning isn’t everything, it’s the only thing.

Social Structure More than Distribution of Wealth Social institutions as the building blocks of society (make up social structure). Social institutions as the building blocks of society (make up social structure). Functions? Functions? Allow us to adapt to the environment Allow us to adapt to the environment Mobilize and deploy resources to achieve collective goals Mobilize and deploy resources to achieve collective goals Socialize members to accept society’s normative patterns Socialize members to accept society’s normative patterns

Institutions in U.S.? The Economy The Economy The Polity The Polity The Family The Family Education Education

Key Issue for M & R These institutions sometimes have conflicting goals and values. These institutions sometimes have conflicting goals and values. All societies can therefore be characterized by their distinctive arrangements of institutions All societies can therefore be characterized by their distinctive arrangements of institutions The U.S.? Economy Dominates: we are a “MARKET SOCIETY” The U.S.? Economy Dominates: we are a “MARKET SOCIETY”

The “Market Society” as a play on words A capitalist economy is referred to as a free market or “market” economy. A capitalist economy is referred to as a free market or “market” economy. The term “market society” suggests that the entire society is dominated by the free market economy. The term “market society” suggests that the entire society is dominated by the free market economy.

Indicators of “Economic Dominance” or a “Market Society” Devaluation of non-economic institutional functions and roles Devaluation of non-economic institutional functions and roles Accommodation to economic requirements by other social institutions Accommodation to economic requirements by other social institutions Penetration of economic norms into other social domains Penetration of economic norms into other social domains

Implications of Economic Dominance Weak institutional controls Weak institutional controls Family and School are handicapped in efforts to promote allegiance to social rules Family and School are handicapped in efforts to promote allegiance to social rules Single parent families Single parent families Poorly funded schools Poorly funded schools “Weak institutions invite challenge” “Weak institutions invite challenge”

Culture, Social Structure, and Crime Rates CULTURE The American Dream ANOMIE SOCIAL STRUCTURE Economic Dominance Weak Institutional Controls HIGH CRIME RATES

Empirical Validity of IA theory New theory--only 2 good tests thus far New theory--only 2 good tests thus far Both support IA, but have limitations Both support IA, but have limitations Chamlin and Cochran Chamlin and Cochran State level variations in non-economic institutions modify the effect of poverty on economic crimes State level variations in non-economic institutions modify the effect of poverty on economic crimes Messner and Roesnfeld Messner and Roesnfeld The “decommodification index” across countries predicts homicide rates The “decommodification index” across countries predicts homicide rates

Policy Implications of IA The two main causes of crime are: The two main causes of crime are: American Dream ethos (cultural) American Dream ethos (cultural) Economic Dominance of other institutions (structural) Economic Dominance of other institutions (structural) Change “money fetish?” Change “money fetish?” Time for America to “grow up ” Time for America to “grow up ” Push culture towards valuing “spousing, parenting” Push culture towards valuing “spousing, parenting” Strengthen non-economic institutions? Strengthen non-economic institutions? Family, School... Family, School...

EXAM I “IMPENDING DOOM” Concern = few assignments thus far Concern = few assignments thus far Format = “Short Answer Essay” Format = “Short Answer Essay” More than: Describe Merton’s theory More than: Describe Merton’s theory For Each Theory For Each Theory Central Concepts (and how they relate) Central Concepts (and how they relate) Empirical status (and how you might measure concepts) Empirical status (and how you might measure concepts) Criticisms Criticisms Policy Implications Policy Implications