Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 40 A World Without Borders 1

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic Globalization O International Monetary Fund (IMF, founded 1944) O Expansion of free trade O General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT, 1947) O 123 member nations O World Trade Organization (WTO), takes over from GATT in 1995) O Global corporations expand, treat globe as single market O Decentralize as necessary to take maximum advantage of regional markets, labor pools, taxation policies O Implications for exploitation of human and natural resources 2

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic Growth in Asia O Japan benefits from Marshall Plan, treaty limitations on defense spending O Massive postwar economic expansion, slowed in 1990s O The “Little Tigers”: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan imitate Japanese strategies O China integrates elements of market economy, benefits from huge cheap labor pool O But interrelated economies fragile, financial crisis in

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trading Blocs O European Union O Six nations when formed in 1957 O Maestricht Treaty of 1993: moving toward political integration O Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) O Established 1960, dominated by Arab and Muslim countries O Used economic might to place embargo on US oil, O Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) O North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 4

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5 European Union Membership

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Consumption and Cultural Interaction O “Americanization” or “McDonaldization” O American culture exported O Yet cultural borrowings from non-American societies O Internal transformations: Latino culture in America O English language becomes predominant O Influence of British colonialism, America, the Internet 6

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. World Population by Region, (Projected) 7

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. World Population, (Projected) 8

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Club of Rome O Scientists attempting to define planet’s “carrying capacity”, formed 1967 O 1972 report: The Limits of Growth O Criticized for some erroneous predictions (depletion of oil, gas, uranium, etc.) O 1999 revision: Beyond the Limits O Posit dark future 9

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Environmental Impact O Biodiversity under threat: 4500 animal species threatened O Global warming O Greenhouse gases O Kyoto accords, 1997 O Human mortality rate declines steadily, several regions work on birth control measures 10

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Economic Inequities O Regional poverty a persistent problem O Unequal distribution of resources O Impact of colonialism O Slavery abolished in Saudi Arabia, Angola in 1960s, forced indenture remains in place in developing world O International Labor Organization of the UN: 250 million children, ages 5-14, work, esp. southeast Asia O Global trafficking of human slaves 11

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The AIDS Crisis O Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus identified in New York, San Francisco 1981 O Homosexual men, drug users, later spread to other populations O Crisis especially pronounced in Africa O Treatments (not cures) available, but prohibitively expensive 12

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV/AIDS as of December

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Global Terrorism O Terrorism: deliberate, systematic use of violence against civilians O Cheaper, more effective than conventional war, thus accessible to smaller groups O September 11, 2001: four planes hijacked by terrorists O Crash into World Trade Center buildings (NYC), Pentagon, field in Pennsylvania (passengers thwarted intended target) O Masterminded by Islamic extremist Osama bin Laden (1957- ), leader of al-Qaeda (“the Base”) 14

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. War in Afghanistan and Iraq O US President George W. Bush (1946- ) invades Afghanistan to destroy al-Qaeda training bases O Overthrows Taliban government O Invasion of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein, perceived as ally of bin Laden 15

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOs) O Red Cross, Red Crescent: public health, humanitarian aid O Greenpeace (founded 1970): environmental causes 16

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The United Nations O Superseded the League of Nations ( ) O Charter: to maintain international peace and security O Weak body in military areas, influential in larger public health projects O Eradication of smallpox O Supporters of universal human rights 17

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The United Nations 18

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Global Feminism O Displaced from jobs by returning soldiers after World War II, women in industrialized nations agitate for equal opportunities O Demand control over bodies: access to birth control and abortion, achieved in 1960s and 1970s O Arab and Muslim lands: continued gaps in literacy O Increasing number of women national leaders O Indira Ghandi (India), Golda Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (UK) 19

Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Migration Patterns O Rural areas depopulating to urban regions O Creation of slums O Immigration for economic reasons O Refugees fleeing war, poverty O Tourism increasingly common in 21 st century 20