Daily Science (pg. 14) Name the four Earth systems and explain each. Put the following numbers into scientific notation: 1080000000 0.000907 4500000 0.000000001 Convert the following: 1.23 meters into millimeters 0.098 kg into dg 104 centiliters into liters Name one type of map and explain What are the two types of ways minerals are formed?

Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks Pg. 21

Formation of Sedimentary Rocks Sediments- pieces of solid material that have been deposited on Earth’s surface by wind, water, ice, gravity, or chemical precipitation. When sediments become cemented together, they are called sedimentary rocks Begins by erosion and weathering

Classification of Clastic Sediments Weathering Chemical and physical processes that break rock into smaller pieces. Produces rock and mineral fragments called clastic sediments Clastic means broken Classification of Clastic Sediments PARTICLE SIZE SEDIMENT ROCK >256-2 mm Gravel Conglomerate 2-0.062 mm Sand Sandstone 0.062-0.0039 mm Silt Siltstone < 0.0039 mm Clay Mudstone

Erosion and Transport The removal and movement of surface materials from one location to another is erosion Agents of erosion: wind, moving water, gravity, and glaciers. Always move downhill When transport stops and sediments settle- deposition. Particles are sorted into layers depending on their size

Lithification As more sediments are deposited, bottom layers become more compressed. Lithification- physical and chemical process that form sediments into sedimentary rocks Begins with compaction Squeezes water out and sometimes natural gas and oil fill the empty space.

Cross- bedding and graded bedding Cross bedding-forms as inclined layers of sediment are carried forward across a horizontal surface Graded bedding- depositions where particles are progressively heavier and coarser toward the bottom

Types of sedimentary rocks Fossils (a feature of sedimentary rocks) Classification of Sedimentary Rocks ROCK TYPE ROCK NAME METHOD OF FORMATION Clastic Coarse Grain Medium Grain Fine Grain Conglomerate or sandstone Sandstone Shale Lithification of clastic sediments Organic Calcium Carbonate Shells plant matter Limestone Coal Accumulation and lithification of living things Chemical Calcite Halite Gypsum Rock Salt Rock gypsum Precipitation of dissolved minerals from water

Metamorphic Rocks When high temperature and pressure combine to alter the texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition without melting a rock a metamorphic rock is formed. Meta = change Morphe = Form

Types of metamorphism Regional metamorphism- when high temperature and pressure effect large regions of Earth’s crust. Contact metamorphism- when molten rock comes into contact with solid rock Hydrothermal metamorphism- when very hot water reacts with rock and alters the chemical composition

Metamorphic textures Foliated- characterized by wavy layers and bands of minerals Nonfoliated- lack long mineral grains in one direction

The Rock Cycle Rocks don’t always remain the same rock that they were formed as.