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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification What portion of the world’s people live in absolute poverty? Why are some countries so rich and others so poor? Are rich nations making global poverty better or worse? How?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: An Overview Global perspective –Social stratification (inequality) is far greater than in the U.S. People in U.S. with income below the poverty line live far better than the majority of the people on the planet

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis A Word About Terminology Various models of classification “Three Worlds” Model –“First World” – rich, industrial countries –“Second World”-less industrialized, socialist –“Third World”-non-industrialized, poor countries

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis A Word About Terminology Why is the “Three Worlds” model of classification outdated? –The Cold War ended  Changes in Eastern Europe and Society Union collapse means there is no distinctive Second World –Model inaccurately lumped together more than 100 countries as Third World

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis A Word About Terminology Revised system of classification High-income countries –The 67 richest nations with the highest overall standards of living Middle-income Countries –The 71 nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis A Word About Terminology Low-income Countries –The remaining 56 nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor Two advantages over “three worlds” model –Focuses on economic development and does not lump together all lower-income nations

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis High-Income Countries Significant cultural differences exist All produce enough economic goods to enable people to lead comfortable lives People enjoy 80% of the world’s total income Production is “capital intensive” –Based on factories, big machinery, and advanced technology

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis High-Income Countries Even though the U.S. is considered a high-income nation, does poverty still exist? Are you surprised?

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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Middle-Income Countries Industrial jobs are common 40-45% of people live in rural areas –Poor, lack access to schools, medical care, adequate housing, and safe drinking water Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were socialist economies Societies are densely populated compared to high-income countries

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Middle-Income Countries Have you ever traveled to a middle- income country? What were your experiences?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Low-Income Countries Societies are agrarian and severely impoverished Follow cultural traditions Limited industrial technology People’s lives are shaped by hunger, disease, and unsafe housing People in rich nations have difficulty grasping the extent of human poverty and famine

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Low-Income Countries Why do you think most people from high- income nations who travel to middle- or low-income nations do so as tourists, but most who travel from middle- or low- income nations to high-income nations do so as immigrants? Have you ever traveled to a low-income country? What were your experiences?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Wealth and Poverty Low-income nations are home to some rich and many poor Most people live with incomes of a few hundred dollars a year Burden of poverty in low-income countries is greater than among the U.S. poor There are places in the U.S. that resemble low-income nations. Are you familiar with “low-income America”?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Severity of Poverty Reason quality of life differs so much around the world –Economic productivity is lowest in regions where population growth is the highest

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Relative Versus Absolute Poverty People in rich nations focus on relative poverty –Some people lack resources that are taken for granted by others –Exists in every society; rich and poor Can you give an example of how people in the U.S. experience relative poverty?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Relative Versus Absolute Poverty Absolute poverty is more important in the global perspective –Life-threatening lack of resources –Lack the nutrition necessary for health and long-term survival

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Relative Versus Absolute Poverty Global indicator of absolute poverty –Median age of death –Rich countries – 2/3 rd people die after age 70 –Poor countries  1/3 rd of all deaths occur among children under the age of 14.  Half of all children never live to age 10

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Extent of Poverty Poverty is more widespread in poor countries Absolute poverty is greatest in Africa –High child mortality –Half the population is malnourished Worldwide 13% or 1 billion people suffer from chronic hunger

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Extent of Poverty 25,000 people per day die from hunger Do you believe that anything can be done to fight the battle against poverty throughout the world? What would you suggest?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Poverty and Children At least 100 million children in poor countries provide income for their families –Beg, steal, sell sex, or work for drug gangs –Means dropping out of school –Children are at high risk of disease and violence

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Poverty and Children Another 100 million leave families and live on the streets Half of all street children found in Mexico City or Rio de Janeiro

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Poverty and Women What explanation(s) would you give to explain why women are often the victims of poverty in both rich and poor societies? Rich societies –Women’s work is undervalued, underpaid, or overlooked

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Poverty and Women Poor societies –Tradition keeps women out of many jobs –Traditional norms give women the responsibility for child-rearing and household maintenance –70% of world’s 1.4 billion people living in absolute poverty are women

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Poverty and Women Women in poor countries receive little or no reproductive health care –Limited access to birth control

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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Slavery About 3% of humanity-live in conditions that amount to slavery

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Slavery Four types of slavery –Chattel slavery – one person owns another –Child slavery – desperate families let children do what they can to survive –Debt bondage – employers hold workers captive by paying them too little to meet their debts –Human trafficking – movement of men, women, and children from one place to another for forced labor

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Slavery Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) –“No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.” Were you aware that slavery still exists throughout this world? What can, or should, be done to rectify this global problem?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Explanations of Global Poverty 1.Technology 2.Population growth 3.Cultural patterns 4.Social stratification 5.Gender inequality 6.Global power relationships

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Explanations of Global Poverty What is the difference between colonialism and neocolonialism? Can you give examples of neocolonialism?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Theoretical Analysis Two major explanations: –Modernization theory –Dependency theory

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Modernization Theory Modernization theory –A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations –Structural-functional approach

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Modernization Theory Historical perspective –Theory proposes that it is affluence that demands explanation –Industrialization’s productivity improved the living standards of even the poorest people

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Modernization Theory According to modernization theory, what is the greatest barrier to economic development? Explain. –Cultural tradition as barrier to economic development –Technology opposed as a threat  Family relationships  Customs  Religious beliefs

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Rostow’s Stages of Modernization 1.Traditional stage –Socialized to honor the past –Cannot imagine that life can or should be different –Life is spiritually rich but lacking in material goods

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Rostow’s Stages of Modernization 2.Take-off stage –Start to use talents and imagination sparking economic growth –Market emerges as goods are produced –Greater individualism, willing to take risks, desire for material goods

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Rostow’s Stages of Modernization 3.Drive to technological maturity –Growth is a widely accepted idea that fuels pursuit of higher living standards –Diversified economy –Industrialization weakens traditional family and local community life –Absolute poverty reduced

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Rostow’s Stages of Modernization 3.Drive to technological maturity (continued) –Absolute poverty reduced –Basic schooling for all and advanced training for some –Social position of women steadily approaches that of men

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Rostow’s Stages of Modernization 4.High mass consumption –Economic development driven by industrial technology raises living standards –Mass production stimulates mass consumption –People learn to “need” the expanding selection of goods produced

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations What four important roles do high-income nations play in global economic development? 1.Controlling population 2.Increasing food production 3.Introducing industrial technology 4.Providing foreign aid What do you believe are the strengths and weaknesses of moderinzation theory?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Image Bank

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations CRITICAL REVIEW –Most serious flaw of modernization theory  Has not occurred in many poor countries –Fails to recognize that rich nations, which benefit from the status quo, often block the path to development for poor countries –Treats rich and poor societies as separate worlds, ignoring that the global economy affects all nations

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations CRITICAL REVIEW (continued) –Ethnocentric-Holds the world’s most developed countries as the standard for judging the rest of humanity –Suggests that the causes of global poverty lie entirely within the poor societies themselves – blaming the victim

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Dependency Theory –A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones –Social-conflict approach

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Dependency Theory Historical Perspective –People living in poor countries are better off economically –Based on the idea that the economic positions of rich and poor nations are linked –Prosperity of developed countries come at the expense of less developed ones

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Importance of Colonialism Europeans established colonies –Americas, Africa, Asia United States –Alaska, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaiian Islands, Guantanamo Bay in Cuba European powers dominated most of the continent until early 1960s

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Importance of Colonialism According to dependency theory –Political liberation has not meant economic independence Neocolonialism –Economic relationship between rich and poor nations continue colonial pattern of domination –Heart of the capitalist world economy

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Importance of Colonialism How do you view corporations that build factories in low-income nations? Are these factories helping or hurting the people who live in these nations? How would modernization theory view the investment by global corporations such as Coca-Cola in low-income nations such as Mozambique? How does the view of dependency theory differ?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Importance of Colonialism Is any of the clothing you wear made in sweatshop factories? If they are, how does it make you feel?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy Suggests that prosperity or poverty of any country results from the operation of the global economic system Rich nations are the core of the world economy Low-income nations are the periphery of the global economy

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy World economy –Benefits rich societies by generating profits –Harms the rest of the world by causing poverty –Makes poor nations dependent on rich ones

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Wallerstein’s Capitalist World Economy According to dependency theory, what three factors perpetuate poor countries’ dependency on rich nations? 1.Narrow, export-oriented economies 2.Lack of industrial capacity 3.Foreign debt

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations Modernization theory –Rich societies produce wealth through capital investments and new technology

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations Dependency theory –Views global inequality in terms of how countries distribute wealth –Rich nations have overdeveloped themselves as they underdeveloped the rest of the world –Claim that population and agricultural programs actually benefit rich nations and the ruling elites; not the poor majority

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations Lappe and Collins (1986) –Capitalist culture encourages people to think that poverty is inevitable –Dependency theory  Global poverty results from deliberate politics  World produces enough food to feed the planet

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations Lappe and Collins (1986) (continued) –Contradiction of poverty amid plenty  Stems from rich-nation policy of producing food for profit  Governments of poor countries support this because they need food profits to help pay off their huge foreign debt  Capitalist corporate structure of the global economy is at the core of this vicious cycle

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations CRITICAL REVIEW –Dependency theory treats wealth wrongly –Dependency theory is wrong in blaming rich nations for global poverty

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations CRITICAL REVIEW (continued) –Dependency theory is simplistic  Claims capitalist market system is the cause of global inequality  Rich societies cannot be held responsible for corrupt and militaristic foreign leaders  Wrong to claim that global trade always makes rich nations richer and poor nations poorer –Dependency theory offers vague solutions to global poverty

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis The Role of Rich Nations An increasingly popular idea is “fair trade,” paying people in poor nations a fair price for their products. Would you be willing to pay a higher price for a pair of shoes made by a worker in a low-income country who was paid a higher price? Why or why not?

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Do you believe, that fifty years from now, the problem of global hunger will be more or less serious? Explain. Most important trend is the expansion of the global economy Supporters of the global economy claim –Expansion of trade benefits all countries involved  Endorse NAFTA

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Greatest concern is the vast economic inequality that separates the world’s nations Modernization and dependency theories offer some understanding –Must consider empirical evidence –Although all people are better off in absolute terms, there is almost twice as much relative economic inequality

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Degree of inequality has declined since 1970 Greatest reduction in poverty took place in Asia

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Latin America enjoyed significant growth –Little overall improvement Half of African nations show economic growth –Extreme poverty has become worse in many sub-Saharan countries

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Insight of modernization theory –Poverty is partly a problem of technology Insight of dependency theory –Global inequality is also a political issue

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Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead Human community must address crucial questions –Distribution of resources  Within societies  Around the globe Though economic development raises living standards, it strains the natural environment

Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Society: the basics, Eleventh Edition John J. Macionis Global Stratification: Looking Ahead How may the gulf that separates the world’s richest and poorest be placing everyone at risk of war and terrorism? Do you believe that planetary peace can be achieved? –Ensure that all people enjoy significant dignity and security