European Expansion and the Columbian Exchange Colonization of the New and Old Worlds,

I. Reasons for Expansion A. Advances in science 1. Tools/technology 2. Science enthroned Academie de Science Royal Scientific Society Prince Henry

3. Journeys into the unknown

B. Expansion and European Conflict 1. Reformation and the Wars of Christianity, , Europe after the Peace of Westphalia

2. Centralization of European governments a. Absolute monarchy, 1500s s James I, Divine Right of Kings (England) Louis XIV, the “Sun King” (France) Elizabeth I (England) Philip II (Spain) Peter the Great (Russia) Catherine the Great (Russia) Frederick the Great (Prussia) Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden)

3. Mercantilism state-controlled market system “zero-sum” game joint stock companies

II. The West Goes Global The Consequences of Colonization

A. Colonization 1. Portuguese Empire and the rise of the Atlantic economy 1452, Pope Nicolas V “heathens and infidels”

2. “New World” slavery

3. Europeans in Asia (peripheral colonization)

B. The Columbian Exchange 1. Ecological Imperialism old world plants/animals flourish in colonial regions diminishes ecological/social stability of “native” peoples, enhances colonial power

2. The microbial exchange smallpox, measles, tuberculosis, cholera 1492 = 100M - 70M in N/S Hemispheres 1900 = 250,000 left in North America

3. Impact on the West - outlets for growing population - new sources of food (carbohydrates) - addictions for a modernizing society tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar

C. Debating colonization Pro 1. Richard Hakluyt 2. Jean Baptiste Colbert - spurred domestic growth - strengthened national position - empowered “absolute” monarchs

Con 1. Jose de Acosta (1590s) = Jesuit critique of slavery, Spanish and Portuguese colonization 2. Comte de Buffon (1750s - 60s) = “wilderness” debased, humanity, animals Frontier conditions drove civilization backwards “Heart of Darkness”

Spain and France in the New World

I. The Spanish Empire A. Reconquista 1492 Ferdinand/Isabella & Columbus

B. Reconquista in America 1. Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Caribbean Islands conquered Conquistadors - local autonomy Hernan Cortès

4. Conquest of Mexico disease Aztec organization Amerindian tensions

C. Spanish-Indian policy 1. Officially… (Isabella) direct subjects Encomienda System tributary labor

2. Unofficially… distance bred independence, cruelty “Black Legend” of Spanish brutality Bartolomè de Las Casas

D. Trials in North America 1. Ponce de León, (Florida) Cabeza de Vaca (Gulf Coast to Mexico) 1527 de Soto (Southeast to Texas) Coronado (Southwest) little permanent presence; paved way for later conquest

E. New Spain encomienda abolished African slaves introduced 2. Hacienda system Council of the Indies Viceroy >Creoles >Mestizos

4. Mestizo culture a. Church/Indian compromise Jesuits rituals deities b. intermarriage racial caste system c. intermarriage interdependence

The Pueblo Revolt hacienda dependency “idolatry”

II. The French Empire - occupying the “Middle Ground”

A. Fish, fur and lead 1. Jacques Cartier (1534) Northwest Passage 2. Indian resistance / French politics

B. France tries again 1. Early 1600s “New France” 2. Louis XIV “absolutism”

3. Louisiana, 1682 Biloxi, 1682 Mobile, 1702 New Orleans, Interior colonies Ste. Genevieve, 1735 St. Louis, 1764 “extractive” industries colonial women 4. River systems and

C. Empire of Rivers 1. Infiltration & cooperation coureurs de bois 2. The Middle Ground 3. Roots of dependency

C. “New” England 1. English rights v. economic necessity a. rejection of non-English influences b. indentured servitude

2. The Puritan Mission = redeem the Old, not the New

3. The paradox of English settlement - Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676 heightened liberties for some, destroyed them for others