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3 What was the Second Industrial Revolution?  First IR: in England  Second IR: s throughout Europe  Rather than textiles & railroads, this focused around new “modern” industries:  Chemicals  Steel  Electricity  Oil  Automobiles (end of the century)  First IR: in England  Second IR: s throughout Europe  Rather than textiles & railroads, this focused around new “modern” industries:  Chemicals  Steel  Electricity  Oil  Automobiles (end of the century)

4 What was New? Banks determined investment priorities, not individualsBanks determined investment priorities, not individuals 2 nd IR not isolated to one country: GB, Germany & USA took the lead2 nd IR not isolated to one country: GB, Germany & USA took the lead –Germany’s emergence as major economic power coincided with emergence as political factor

5 Relative Share of World Manufacturing

6 What was new … Part 2 Built upon the society and technology that emerged from the First IRBuilt upon the society and technology that emerged from the First IR More emphasis upon science & technologyMore emphasis upon science & technology Often pioneering work done by large firms, not private entrepreneursOften pioneering work done by large firms, not private entrepreneurs Growth of “white collar workers”Growth of “white collar workers”

7 Social Results of Industrialization Population growth of 17 th C. became an explosion in the 18 th C.Population growth of 17 th C. became an explosion in the 18 th C. – : 40% population increase – : 50 % population increase 266 million to 401 million266 million to 401 million Europeans were 25% of the world populationEuropeans were 25% of the world population Began to leave Europe and head to the Americas, Africa, Asia & AustraliaBegan to leave Europe and head to the Americas, Africa, Asia & Australia

8 Urbanization Greatest social result of the IRGreatest social result of the IR –Previous to IR, vast majority of people lived on farms –After IR, vast majority of people lived in cities Pros: new ideas flourish, creativity increased, education possible for allPros: new ideas flourish, creativity increased, education possible for all Cons: traditional social bonds dissolved, people become alienatedCons: traditional social bonds dissolved, people become alienated

9 The Urban Environment Conditions in cities were bad before the IR, but new population pressures & industries intensifies filth and diseaseConditions in cities were bad before the IR, but new population pressures & industries intensifies filth and disease –Open sewers –Cholera & disease affect middle class, too House of Commons had to be closed due to stink from the River ThamesHouse of Commons had to be closed due to stink from the River Thames –1840s: Public Health movements lead to greater role for government

10 Medical Breakthroughs Louis Pasteur ( ) discovers bacterial in 1868 Joseph Lister ( ) began sterilizing wounds, stopping death from septicemia

11 Housing Tenements were crowded, badly built, had poor sanitationTenements were crowded, badly built, had poor sanitation –Usually 200 people  1 toilet Crowded near factories due to absence of public transportationCrowded near factories due to absence of public transportation

12 Urban Planning Mid-19 th Century efforts at urban planning and improvements in public transportation allowed people to live away from workMid-19 th Century efforts at urban planning and improvements in public transportation allowed people to live away from work –Paris as the model  Baron Haussman

13 Class Structures Despite increased wealth, there continued to be a great disparity of wealthDespite increased wealth, there continued to be a great disparity of wealth –Richest 5% had 1/3 of national income –Richest 20% had 50-60% of natl. income Increased total wealth led to a complicated class system, with many levelsIncreased total wealth led to a complicated class system, with many levels

14 Social Groups Who Lost Ground Rural Aristocracy: gradually lost power in GB, France & Low Countries; retained power in Russia & Germany until 20 th C.Rural Aristocracy: gradually lost power in GB, France & Low Countries; retained power in Russia & Germany until 20 th C. Peasants: as populations moved into cities, rural peasants became more marginalizedPeasants: as populations moved into cities, rural peasants became more marginalized

15 New Social Classes Created by the IR Factory Owners: easy mobility resulted in large numbersFactory Owners: easy mobility resulted in large numbers –By mid-19 th century they sought to assimilate with the old ruling classes Bought titlesBought titles Sent children to private schoolsSent children to private schools Working Class (Proletariat): resulted from massive # of people moving into the cities, selling their labor, not productsWorking Class (Proletariat): resulted from massive # of people moving into the cities, selling their labor, not products

16 The New Middle Class Urban Middle Class = 20% of city populationUrban Middle Class = 20% of city population –Capitalist Bourgeoisie: owned factories, sought to copy the aristocracy –Professional Middle Class: merchants, lawyers, doctors, engineers Increased power and importance as knowledge- based skills come to the fore in societyIncreased power and importance as knowledge- based skills come to the fore in society –Lower Middle Class (new class): dentists, teachers, nurses Typically identified with MC values though wealth was equal to that of WCTypically identified with MC values though wealth was equal to that of WC

17 Middle Class Culture Lots of £ to spend on foodLots of £ to spend on food Use of servantsUse of servants Good homesGood homes Values = hard work, education, religionValues = hard work, education, religion Insecurity about social and economic positionInsecurity about social and economic position –Try to climb higher on the ladder –Led to many of the 20 th Century’s political problems

18 The Working Class Proletariat (80%) of urban populationProletariat (80%) of urban population –Means workers for wages, who do not own means of production –Aristocracy of labor = highly skilled craftsmen  printers, masons, foremen Always under pressure from new technologyAlways under pressure from new technology –Semi-skilled labor = bricklayers, pipefitters –Unskilled labor = factory workers, domestic servants

19 Working Class Culture Hard life meant emphasis upon funHard life meant emphasis upon fun –Drinking, sports, racing, music halls Religion was more or less irrelevant to the working classes, though many continued to be baptizedReligion was more or less irrelevant to the working classes, though many continued to be baptized –In Europe, churches tended to be seen as tools to preserve the status quo

20 Family Life & Sex

21 Marriage: The Triumph of Romantic Love Pre-marital sex & illegitimate births increased until 1850Pre-marital sex & illegitimate births increased until 1850 Illegitimate births decrease after 1850Illegitimate births decrease after 1850 –Stabilization of working class –Contraception was available –Higher tendency to marry once woman got pregnant

22 The Family MC & WC kinship ties remained strongMC & WC kinship ties remained strong –Source of support & welfare Family no longer a unit of production but becomes a unit of consumptionFamily no longer a unit of production but becomes a unit of consumption –Adult male as “breadwinner” reinforced male authority in the home

23 Women & Work Pre-Industrial pattern of working MC women disappearsPre-Industrial pattern of working MC women disappears –Less need for their labor due to machines & higher salaries of husbands As women are excluded, idea develops that women unable to work as effectively as menAs women are excluded, idea develops that women unable to work as effectively as men Ideal develops of woman’s place at home, cooking and providing for the husband and familyIdeal develops of woman’s place at home, cooking and providing for the husband and family

24 Children Parent-child relationship based upon loveParent-child relationship based upon love Fewer children + lower death rate = each child valued moreFewer children + lower death rate = each child valued more Birthrate fell to maximize economic positionBirthrate fell to maximize economic position Children controlled and repressed by parents & societyChildren controlled and repressed by parents & society

25 Sexuality MC developed a distinct sexual ideology: separation of family from the rest of lifeMC developed a distinct sexual ideology: separation of family from the rest of life –“Cult of Domesticity” = order and naturalness

26 Sexuality Putting women on pedestal gave domestic power, but reduced overall role in societyPutting women on pedestal gave domestic power, but reduced overall role in society Use of restrictive clothing emphasized the sexuality of womenUse of restrictive clothing emphasized the sexuality of women –Bustles –Girdles

27 Sexuality Women seen as either a “mother” or a “whore”Women seen as either a “mother” or a “whore” Especially strong among urban men who had a wife & family as well as high availability of prostitutesEspecially strong among urban men who had a wife & family as well as high availability of prostitutes

28 Men & Women Prostitution was very commonProstitution was very common –30,000+ prostitutes in London by end of century –Poverty of many = opportunity for wealthy men to buy sex