In what ways did geography and climate shape Greek life? ANCIENT GREECE ESSENTIAL QUESTION: In what ways did geography and climate shape Greek life?

UNIT 2 – Early Civilizations ANCIENT GREECE UNIT 2 – Early Civilizations PRE TEST: 1. Among the greatest gifts to western culture from ancient Greece were: Latin, republican governments, and art Democracy, philosophy, and engineering Hieroglyphics, pyramids, and mummification Arena sports, Christianity, and republican government

ANCIENT GREECE 2. In order to vote in Athens and Rome, a person had to be: born of citizen parents, 18 years of age, and; In the military Married A high school graduate A male

ANCIENT GREECE Greece was not a united country. It was a collection of separate lands where Greek speaking people lived.

Geography The Sea The Land

Ancient Greece 750 B.C.

City- States A city-state or a polis is a city and its surrounding countryside. An acropolis – a high city, a meeting place on top of a hill

Acropolis – a city on a hill

City-States Geography plays a huge role in the formation of city-states Mountains divided the lands into many different regions (naturally separated) Growth of city-states with many different forms of government- monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy

Forms of Government Please open your textbooks to 128 and define the following forms of government in your notes: Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy

City-States Sparta Two examples of how different city-states were are: Athens Sparta

Athens Democracy- After many reforms (changes) Athenians moved towards a rule by the people considered a limited democracy Participation based on citizenship.

When the people rule… New rules started emerging… No citizen shall own another citizen (slavery) Any citizen could charge another citizen with wrongdoings All citizens could submit laws for debate Only citizens could vote.

What is a citizen? In Athens, a citizen had to be Free Male Own property Born in Athens So, women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights.

How is Athenian Government different from modern American Democracy?? Discussion Question… How is Athenian Government different from modern American Democracy?? VS. Answer: In Athens: participation in politics is limited to adult male property owners. In the U.S. it is open to all . In the U.S. elected representatives, not citizens, govern.

Education in Athens (boys) Sons of wealthy families received formal education Schooling prepared boys to be good citizens Studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music Received training in logic and public speaking (to be good debaters in politics) When boys got older they went to military school to prepare them to defend Athens

Education in Athens (girls) Girls were educated at home Learned about child-rearing, weaving, preparing meals, managing the household, and how to be good wives and mothers Few women were able to read and write

Athens and Pericles 461-429 B.C. Pericles is a statesman that led Athens He was a politician, speaker, and general

Pericles’ Three Goals 1. Strengthen democracy Increased number of public officials to include rich or poor, to serve if elected This made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history Direct democracy: citizens rule directly instead of through representative

Pericles’ Three Goals 2. Hold and strengthen empire 3. Glorify Athens Strengthen army 3. Glorify Athens Beautify city: art, architecture

SPARTA Military State (unlike Athens, which had a Democracy Spartans were warriors, raised to protect themselves and their country

Spartan Government Government divided into branches Assembly Spartan citizens (males) and elected officials Council of Elders 30 older citizens- proposed laws 3. Five elected officials- carried out laws 4. Two kings - ruled over the military Combination of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy

Spartan Citizens Social Order of Citizenship: 1st- people who are related to original inhabitants Ruling families who owned land 2nd- non citizens Were free, worked in commerce and industry 3rd- Helots – a littler better than slaves Worked in fields, as house servants

Spartan Education - boys Goal- to create a strong warrior Children are beaten and whipped to make them tough They were not allowed to cry out in pain Given very little food Encouraged to steal food

Spartan Education Some grew up to be warriors Others became secret police. They would spy on people like slaves As adults, men did not live with their families They lived with other soldiers

Sparta Education- girls Spartan women had more freedom than any other Greek city state Educated to be fighters Some became warriors

“Come back with your shield or on it.” Spartans only focused on the military So they did not value art or literature Life purpose was to serve the military “Come back with your shield or on it.”

Greek Culture And Art

ART Greek art – sculptures, architecture, and pottery Drama & Poetry– invented drama Expression of Pride Tribute to the Gods

Architecture & Sculpture Sculptures reflect ideal beauty and reality

Venus de Milo Discobolos – The Disc Thrower Winged-Victory – Goddess of Nike

Philosophy- “Lovers of Wisdom” Believe that the universe is put together in an orderly way People can understand this through logic and reason

Socrates The Unexamined Life is Not Worth Living “Question yourself and your moral character” “What is the right thing to do?” Questions people about life “Be as you wish to seem.” “It is not living that matters, but living rightly.”

Plato student of Socrates In a perfect society all citizens would either be Farmers and artisans Warriors Ruling class Those who rule should have great insight and intellect

Plato “If a man neglects education, he walks lame to the end of his life.” “Only the dead have seen the end of the war.” “Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance”

Aristotle student of Plato Began the use of the scientific method we use today Questioned nature of the world, human belief, thought “All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire.” “Good habits formed at youth make all the difference.”

Science and Technology Astronomy Studied the planets and stars Circumference of the earth Size of the sun Hypothesis about the earth being the center of the universe New Technology included lever, pulleys and pumps