Hellenistic Architecture Stoas, Theaters, Temple complexes.

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Presentation transcript:

Hellenistic Architecture Stoas, Theaters, Temple complexes

Historical Background 323 BCE: Death of Alexander the Great Seleucid dynasty at Antioch in Syria. Attalid dynasty at Pergamon in Asia Minor. Macedonians control Greece. Hieron II ( BCE) in Syracuse. 201 BCE: Roman praetor in Syracuse. Bickering among Greek city-states. Philip V: defeated by Romans in 197 BCE; totally broken at Pydna in 168 BCE. 146 BCE: Mummius sacks Corinth. Rome razes Carthage. 133 BCE: Pergamon bequeaths its kingdom to Rome. 33 BCE: Battle of Actium.

Architecture City planning in Asia Minor effects the rebuilding of city centers like the agora in Athens. Stoas frame and monumentalize public spaces. Dictatorial displays favor gigantic building projects - large temples constructed. Rise in public entertainment for an expanding, diverse population seen in theater complex constructions.

Examples Temples: –Apollo at Didyma, –Olympieion at Athens. Stoas: –Attalos at Athens –Market in Miletus. Theaters: –Dionysos in Athens –Pergamon.

Temple of Apollo at Didyma Pre-Greek cult center with sacred grove and spring. First temple completed in 6th century BCE: unroofed Ionic building enclosing the spring and naiskos. 311 BCE: Cult revived by the Seleucids and temple commissioned.

Plan of Didyma temple Monumental Ionic, dipteral temple surrounding a naiskos. 118 meters by 60 meters. Monumental stairway descends to the cella. Climb up to staircase through tunnels from the pronaos. Temple primarily of marble. Temple plans inscribed on the marble walls.

Olympieion, Athens. Begun by the Peisistratids in 6th century BCE as a Doric temple. Unfinished. ~175 BCE: Antiochus IV commissioned the architect Cossutius to finsih in Corinthian order. 108 by 41 meters. Triple rows of eight columns back and front. Sack of Athens by Sulla in 86 BCE. Corinthian capitals brought to Rome.

Plan of the Olympieion

Stoa of Attalos Gift of Attalos ( BCE) and his wife. 115 by 20 meters. Two floors of 21 shops. 42 shops total. Primarily made of marble.

Column orders in the stoa Exterior: Doric on the ground floor (unfluted bottom half). Ionic on the top floor. Interior: Ionic on the ground floor. Pergamene (new) on the top.

Reconstruction Completed by the ASCSA in 1950s. Serves as the museum for the Athenian Agora.

Stoa framing

Miletus Rebuilt in Hellenistic period. Mid 2nd c. BCE. Complex market arrangement. South and North markets. All public buildings and offices enlsoed in thus planned market area. Bouleterion - ironic during these times of the loss of local autonomy.

Theater of Dionysos at Athens 5th century theater was simple, without marble seats and structure. Mid. 4th c BCE: Lykourgos responsible form marble crystallization of its form.

Theater at Pergamon Site planned and built in 3rd c. BCE. Bequeathed to Rome in 133 BCE. Theater dominates, underlying “theatrical setting”. Great Altar platform looms over theater.