K: Plantae = The Land Plants

What is a plant? Multicellular autotroph? With complex tissues?

And blue pigment, phycocyanin

From green algae - early clues Chlorophylls Carotenoids & other pigments Starch Cellulose

Alternation of generation

From Charophycean green algae 1. rosette terminal complexes (RTCs) in plasma membrane for making cellulose 2. Special peroxisomal enzymes for toxic oxygen products

chlorophytescharophytes/land plants From Charophycean green algae 3. Type of flagellar root base 4. phragmoplasts (for cytokinesis) (4 bundles) microtubules

Charophycean algae retain zygote

Alternation of generation mitosis

Walled spores made in sporangium/ia Gametes made in gametangium/ia Male: antheridium/ia Female: archegonium/ia

Apical meristems

Non-vascular plants

Moss life cycle

Plants (gametophytes) can be hermaphroditic/bisexual monoecious dioecious Plants (sporophytes) can be homosporous heterosporous

Cuticle with flavonoids Rhizoids Air pore Major innovations

P: Bryophyta = mosses Sphagnum

P: Hepatophyta = liverworts

P: Anthocerophyta = hornworts

Seedless vascular plants xylem phloem

P: Lycopodiophyta

stems rhizoids Early vascular plant (fossil): Rhynia

First leaves

P: Lycopodiophyta Lycopodium = ground pine/cedar homosporous

Selaginella = spike moss heterosporous

heterosporous too

P: Pteridophyta = ferns Azolla = mosquito fern

Fern life cycle indusium

Innovations/ changes

“Big” leaves

croziers = fiddleheads

Horsetails = scouring rushes