Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Chapter 29 Reading Quiz About how many species of plants inhabit earth today? What are the two generations in the “alternation of generations”? What structure.
Advertisements

How Did Plants Adapt to Dry Land?
What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic cell
Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya.
Chapter 16 - Plants, Fungi, and the Move onto Land
PLANTS review Chapters 29, 30, 38 Bryophytes & Pteridophytes Gymnosperms & Angiosperms Angiosperm Reproduction.
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Kingdom: Plantae.
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics: Eukaryotic (has a nucleus)
Alberts, Bray, Hopkins, Johnson Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Professor: Dr. Barjis Room: P313 Phone: (718)
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land.
PLANTS-A brief introduction of chapters 22 thru 25.
Chapter 29 Notes Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land.
1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom PAGE 35.
Do Now: Lengthwise growth of a root tip into the soil results mainly from… Cone bearing plants are known as… Which of the following statements about bryophyta.
Invasion of land Stomata: opening: allows CO2 into the leaf Cuticle: Protects from water loss Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Roots: absorb nutrients.
AP Biology Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya.
Kingdom Plantae Intro to Plants What is a plant? A member of the kingdom Plantae. Plants are multi-cellular eukaryotes with cell walls composed.
Chapter 30 Notes Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed plants.
KINDS OF PLANTS. NONVASCULAR PLANTS Mosses are often found next to streams, coastlines and other moist places. They will can be found in odd places as.
Parade through the Plants
Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya.
Chapter 30 Notes Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed plants.
3/24/2015 Starter: Plants Plants Plants Application/Connection/Exit: Plant Notes Students will check what is going on with their materials from spoiled.
Chapters 29 and 30. Characteristics of All Plants Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic autotrophs Alternation of generations.
Honors Biology Chapter 22- Plants
Highlights of Plant Evolution. Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles.
Plants The Kingdom Plantae. Common characteristics 1.Multicellular 2.Eukaryotic 3.Photoautotrophic.
Kingdom - Plantae.
Plant Diversity: How Plants Colonized Land
Kingdom Plantae Lower Plants, Organization, Morphology and Reproduction.
Chapter 30 : Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants.
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land.
Chapter 29 and 30: Plants Objectives
Chapter 29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land.
Plant Diversity II The Evolution of Seed Plants.
Chapters 29-30: Diversity of Plants
Plant Diversity Chapters 29 & 30 Biology – Campbell Reece.
Evolution and Diversity of Plants Chapter 24. Evolution and Diversity of Plants 2Outline Evolutionary History  Alternation of Generations Nonvascular.
Plant Evolution. What are plants? Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic autotrophs Cell Walls made of cellulose.
Plants  plants dominate most of the land on Earth  plants and plant products are all around us, in the products we use and the foods we eat.
Plant Diversity. Land Plants Evolved from Green Algae Occurred 500 million years ago Plants have enabled the life of other organisms on land Supply oxygen.
Plants Eukaryotic Cellulose Autotroph Photosynthesis Stems, Roots, Leaves Alternation of Generations.
AP Biology Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya.
Plant Diversity. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular eukaryotes Cell walls made of cellulose Photosynthesize using chlorophyll a and b Most are autotrophs.
1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom.
AP Biology Domain Eubacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Plants Domain Eukarya.
1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom copyright cmassengale.
1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom.
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Plant Diversity II – The Evolution of Seed Plants
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Seed Plants Seed = embryo sporophyte, encased in and dispersed with gametophytic and maternal sporophytic tissues. Gymnosperms – seeds “naked” in cones.
Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
How Plants Colonized Land
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Supplemental Instruction 2/20/2018
Principles of Life Science Rainier Jr/Sr High School Mr. Taylor
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Plants.
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Perfectly Proper Plants
Plants.
Plants.
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Introduction to the Plant Kingdom
Presentation transcript:

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land Chapter 29 Notes Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Background More than 280,000 species of plants inhabit the Earth today Although some are aquatic, most are terrestrial: deserts, grasslands, forests Land plants evolved from certain green algae called charophyceans

Four main groups of land plants: 1. Bryophytes 2. Pteridophytes 3. Gymnosperms 4. Angiosperms

4 Main Groups of Land Plants Bryophytes: mosses; distinguished from algae by advances that allow for life on land Pteridophytes: ferns; contain vascular tissue (transport water and food); “seedless plants” Gymnosperms: conifers; “naked seed” (seeds are not enclosed in a special chamber) Seed: consists of a plant embryo packaged with food and a protective coat Angiosperms: flowering plants; “container seed”; most modern-day plants

Evolution of Plants Flow Chart algal ancestors  bryophytes  vascular plants  the origin of seeds  the evolution of flowers

Things to Remember Charophyceans are the green algae most closely related to land plants Plasma membranes contain rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes - synthesize the cellulose of cell walls Same enzymes in peroxisomes that help minimize the loss of product due to photorespiration

Concept 29.1

Things to Remember Several terrestrial adaptations distinguish land plants from charophycean algae - growth in length is from apical meristems - multicellular, dependent embryos - alternation of generations: gametophyte and sporophyte

Apical Meristem

Gametophyte v. Sporophyte The multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite & grow into the sporophyte generation Sporophyte The multicellular diploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that results from a union of gametes & that meiotically produces haploid spores that grow into the gametophyte generation.

Gametophyte & Sporophyte

Alternation of Generations Gametophyte & Sporophyte generations are the two multicellular body forms that alternate the life cycle of land plants. Cells of the gametophyte are haploid and produce gametes. Fusion of eggs and sperm during fertilization results in diploid zygotes.

Alternation of Generations cont. Mitotic division of the zygote results in the multicellular , diploid sporophyte. Meiosis in a mature sporophyte will result in haploid reproductive cells called spores. A spore is a reproductive cell that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell. Mitotic division will then produce new multicellular gametophytes.

Plant Adaptations as a result of being terrestial There are other adaptations that are common in many land plants 1. Adaptations for water conservation: - formation of a cuticle - stomata contain guard cells

Plant Adaptations 2. Adaptations for water transport: Except for bryophytes, land plants have true roots, stems, and leaves with vascular tissue - xylem: carry water and minerals up from root - phloem: distribute sugars and amino acids throughout the plant

Xylem & Phloem

Plant Adaptations…. 3. Adaptations to shallow water preadapted plants for living on land - natural selection would favor those that could withstand occasional drying

Plant History Land plants evolved from charophycean algae over 500 mya - chloroplasts: chlorophyll b and beta-carotene - homologous cell walls - peroxisomes

Plant History Alteration of generations in plants may have adapted by delayed meiosis Charophycean zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores Plant zygote undergoes mitosis to produce a multicellular sporophyte to produce haploid spores by meiosis

Four different groups of Land Plants NON-VASCULAR PLANTS Bryophytes VASCULAR PLANTS Seedless Pteridophytes Seeds Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Bryophytes Bryophytes are represented by 3 phyla: 1. Hepatophyta (liverwarts) 2. Anthocerophyta (hornworts) 3. Bryophyta (mosses)

Bryophyte pictures…

The gametophyte is the dominant generation in the life cycle of bryophytes - sporophytes are typically smaller and present only part of the time - up to 50 million spores can be generated in one spore capsule

Bryophyte cycle

Mosses are able to exist in very harsh climates - able to loose most of their body water without dying, then rehydrate later Bryophytes were the only plants on Earth for 100 million years

Vascular Plants Modern vascular plants include ferns (pteridophytes), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) Differ from bryophytes - contain phloem and xylem - dominant sporophyte generation

Seedless v Seed Plants 2 phyla of seedless vascular plants: phylum Lycophyta and phylum Pterophyta (ferns) Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plants) provide clues to the evolution of roots and leaves

Pteridophytes Most pteridophytes have true roots with lignified vascular tissue Lycophytes have small leaves with only a single unbranched vein; known as microphylls - modern leaves are known as megaphylls

Sporophytes A sporophyte-dominant life cycle evolved in seedless vascular plants Homosporous plants: produce one type of spore Heterosporus plants: produce megaspores (female) and microspores (male)

Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II: Seed Plants Introduces the Seed Plants Seed plants are vascular plants that produce seeds Sporophyte is the dominant generation Becomes diploid and can carry recessive alleles from one generation to the next

All seed plants are heterosporous Megasporangia – produce megaspores that will produce female (egg-containing) gametophytes Microsporangia – produce microspores that will produce male (sperm-containing) gametophytes

Layers of sporophyte tissue called integuments cover the megasporangium The developing embryo is encased in a protective seed coat and supplied with its own source of food (endosperm or cotyledons)

Diagram of a Gymnosperm Seed

Seeds allow the embryo to be moved away from the parent by wind, water, and animals Seed plants are not tied to water for fertilization; pollen grains do not need to be transported by liquid

Gymnosperms Gymnosperms lack enclosed chambers in which seeds develop; instead, seeds develop on the surfaces of specialized leaves called sporophylls. About 900 species of gymnosperms are divided into 4 phyla: 1. Ginkgo 2. Cycads 3. Gnetophytes 4. Conifers

Ginkgophyta Phylum Ginkgophyta: - Ginkgo biloba is the only extant species - used in herbal medicine - produce pollen and seeds on separate trees (dioecious: “two houses”)

Gingko Images

Cycadophyta Phylum Cycadophyta: - about 100 cycad species - palm-like appearance (but not a palm) - seeds are often passed by beetles and bees

Gnetophyta Phylum Gnetophyta: - consists of three genera that are very different in appearance - Ephedra grows in U.S. deserts - Welwitschia grow in Africa

Coniferophyta Phylum Coniferophyta: - conifer = “cone bearer” - called evergreens because they retain their needle-shaped leaves - male and female gametophytes appear on the same tree (monoecious: “one house”) conifers are among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth we get much of our lumber and paper pulp from conifers

Concept 30.2

Anthophyta Phylum Anthophyta: - all angiosperms are placed in one phylum Two classes: monocots and dicots Monocots Parallel Leaf Veins Complex arrangement of Vascular Bundles Fibrous Root System Flower Parts in multiples of 3 Dicots Netlike Leaf Veins Vascular Bundles arranged in a ring Taproot usually present Flower Parts in multiples of 4 or 5

Anothophyta cont. - all are heterosporous - gametophyte is greatly reduced reproductive parts of the flower male parts: stamen contains the anther and filament female parts: carpel contains the stigma, style, and ovary

Anthophyta - after fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed; the endosperm is retained in the cotyledon - as the seed develops, the ovary begins to mature around the seed to form fruit

Concept 30.3