2008 Study Guide for Chapter 19, Protists General Characteristics of protists Animal-like protists: heterotrophs Protozoa 4 phyla Characteristics Movement, contractile vacuole Any light sensory adaptations Body plan characteristics Any with shells—what shell is made of General life cycle of plasmodium\relate to malaria Fungus-like protists Spores Some aboeboid-like movement heterotrophs Plant-Like protists Unicellular Phytoplankton plankton base of food chain, oxygen dinoflagellates Red tides/neurotoxins/algae bloom Euglena—mixotroph Oxygen and food importance (base of aquatic food chain) Multicellular algae--seawead Names of 3 phylum Main pigments in each Which is most like land plants and why Cold\warm water; deep water?; any used commercially MISC. TERMINOLOGY: Heterotroph Autotroph mixotroph Contractile vacuole Eyespot Spore Malaria plasmodium Female Anopholes mosquito Red tides. Dinoflagellates, algae bloom Symbiont—termite & symbiont protist

HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

CHAPTER 19 PROTISTS Major groups Characteristics Ecological Niches Human Diseases Major source of oxygen!!!

What is a protist? Eukaryotes Unicellular and multicellular **The only kingdom of eukaryotes with both autotrophs and heterotrophs Most diverse of all kingdoms Mostly aquatic

Protist Variety Animal-like—Protozoa Plant-like—Algae Fungus like-Water molds and Slime Molds

Evolutionary Relationships Ancestors of Fungi Animalia And Plant Kingdoms

Animal-lik Protozoa HETEROTROPHIC PROTISTS

The Plant-like are Autotrophic Protists

Heterotrophic Nutrition May ingest other organisms Parasitize Decompose organic remains

Homework-due Wednesday 19.1: #2,4,5 19.3: #1 19.2: #1

Protozoa animal-like protists- “FIRST ANIMALS” 65, 000 KINDS Predators or Parasites A few cause disease in humans Categorized Based On Type of Locomotion 4 main groups

4 Protozoa Groups (Phyla): 1. Rhizopoda (sarcodina) (pseudopods) 2. Zoomastigina (flagellated) 3. Ciliophora (cilliates) 4. Sporozoa (Complex life cycle)

Phylum Rhizopoda (sarcodina) Amoebas Mostly marine Asexual reproduction Heterotrophs pseudopods

Amoeba

2 groups of amoebas have shells Marine Extend pseudopods through shells 1. Foraminiferans Calcium carbonate shells Foraminiferan tests build up and form limestone or chalk (e.g. White Cliffs of Dover)

: White Cliffs of Dover

2. Radiolarians Intricate Silica shells Important plankton—base of marine food chain

Some parasites, some helpful 2. Phylum Zoomastigina Movement flagella Whip from side to side Some parasites, some helpful

Trichonympha : symbiont in termite gut, digests cellulose Covered with flagella.

Trypanosoma brucei Causes African Sleeping Sickness. Transmitted by Tsetse fly, travels through bloodstream. Destroys nervous system, RBC’s

3. Phylum Ciliophora Cilia: Short, hair-like structures movement, feeding Cilia-beat in synchronized fashion

Example: Paramecium Multinucleated Oral Groove Gullet Anal Pore -Contractile vacuole

Paramecium Reproduction Usually asexually-divide crosswise Also sexual via Conjugation; exchange genetic material., separate, then each divides in two Low food supply or poor environmental conditions

4. Phylum Sporozoa Produce spores Parasites Complex life cycle Adults have no form of movement

Diseases Caused by Sporozoans Malaria--Plasmodium Toxoplasmosis

Malarial organism: Plasmodium Transmitted by FEMALE Anopheles mosquito. Complex life cycle: 2 hosts Sexual reproduction in mosquito Lives part in humans (mammals) Asexual reproduction-in mammals-spores

Transmission of Plasmodium & life cycle

Sporozoans-Toxoplasmosa Sexual stage in cats (zygote forms). Completes asexual stage in humans, cattle, pigs, other (multiple mitotic divisions) Transmtted: raw, undercooked meat, cat litter box **Infected pregnant woman --may result in birth defects.

19.2 Algae: Plant-like Protists Single-celled and Multi-celled All are Photosynthetic Some Unicellular- planktonic Some Multicellular- 3 phyla –The Seaweeds All Contain chlorophyll—as well as other photosynthetic pigments used to classify Multicellular

Phylum Euglenophyta UNIQUE--Both plant and animal-like characteristics--may be heterotrophic – Photosynthesis chloroplasts Photosensitive Eyespot Contractile vacuole Flagella freshwater

Single-celled algae : The phytoplankton Drift on/in waters Shelled: The Diatoms and Dinoflagellates No shells—single-celled Chlorophyta

1. Diatoms Silica shells 2 halves, like a pill box Toothpaste, metal polish abrasive Store food as oil--buoyancy

Dinoflagellates 2 flagella Cell walls – thick cellulose plates Most marine Some produce toxins-neurotoxin Red tides

Ancestors of all land plants Phylum Chlorophyta Single-celled green algae Ancestors of all land plants Freshwater and marine Fur of slow moving animals– tree sloths Chlorophyll A & B; cellulose, starch

Multicellular algae--Seaweed Accessory pigments distinguish them Structure Thallus—the body Holdfast( anchor)

Multicellular green algae- 1. Phylum Chlorophyta Most like true plants: Like land plants- they have: cellulose, starch, chlorophyll A & B

Phychobilin pigment deep water 3.Agar-Micro labs 2. Phylum Rhodophyta Uses: 1.Carageenan from cell wall Used as Food thickener and stabilizer 2.sushi wrapper (Nori) 3.Agar-Micro labs

3.Phylum Phaeophyta Brown algae Fucoxanthin-brown pigment Marine; cold water like Pacific Ocean Fucoxanthin-brown pigment Kelp-largest (Pacific) Sargasum ( common in Atlantic)

I. Slime Molds& Water Molds Parasites or Decomposers Resemble Fungi---Produce Spores when conditions are unfavorable

1. Slime Molds Live in moist, decaying matter (wood, leaves, dung). Colorful .

2. Phylum Oomycota Some saprobes (feed on dead or decaying matter) Others are plant parasites 1. Water Molds 2. Downy Mildew

Fungus-Like Protists Reproduce by spores heterotrophic

A. Water Molds Flagellated reproductive cells Fuzzy, white growth Parasite on animals—fish and plants-grapes almost destroyed French vineyards in the 1870s. Fortunately, the so-called Bordeaux mixture of lime and copper sulfate saved the grapes Parasitic water molds damage fish and many crop plants. Some water molds are parasites on other organisms; they may grow on the scales or eggs of fish, or on amphibians. The water mold Saprolegnia causes lesions on fish which cause problems when the water is rather stagnant, as in aquaria or fish farms, or at high population densities, such as when salmon swim upstream to spawn. Other species of Saprolegnia are parasitic on aquatic invertebrates such as rotifers, nematodes, and arthropods, and on diatoms. Their greatest impact on humans, however, comes from the many species of water mold which are parasites on flowering plants. These include root rotting fungi, seedling dampening mold, blister rusts, white rusts (Albugo), and the downy mildews that affect grapes, lettuce, corn, cabbage, and many other crop plants. Two of these disease-causing chromists have had a major impact on world history. The first of these is Phytophthora infestans, the organism which causes late blight of potato. The potato is native to North America, but once it was introduced to Europe, it quickly became an important food crop. Late blight did not follow its host plant across the Atlantic until much later; the disease organism grows into the stem and leaf tissues, causing death, and may also infest the tubers, which are the part of the plant that is eaten. The disease spreads rapidly under cool and damp conditions, which are common in western Europe. In one week during the summer of 1846, this diease wiped out almost the entire potato crop of Ireland, a crop which was the primary food of the poor at that time. Nearly a million Irish died in the Great Famine, and an additional one-and-a-half million emigrated to other countries, including America. Thus, if you are an American with Irish ancestry, it was probably the oomycetes that brought your family here. Other species of Phytophthora destroy eucalyptus, avocado, pineapples, and other tropical crop plants. The other oomycete which has severely impacted recent history is pictured at right -- Plasmopara viticola, the downy mildew of grapes. It also is a native of North America, but in the late 1870s was accidentally introduced to Europe. At the time, the French wine industry was concerned over a massive aphid infestation, and so brought resistant vine strains over from America to breed them into their own grapes. When these American stocks arrived, they also brought the downy mildew, which almost wiped out the entire French wine industry. The industry was saved by the serendipitous discovery of Bordeaux mixture, a mixture of lime and copper sulfate, which brought the disease under control when applied to the leaves of the plants. This discovery is also important for being the first known fungicide, and in fact the first chemical used to control a

Water Molds Also cause disease in fish

B. Downy Mildew Many plant diseases Irish potato famine Blight 0f 1840’s

Map of Potato Blight Outbreaks for 2000 Blight Recordings 2001

A few Review Questions -What protists are the major components of phytoplankton? What does Plankton mean? What does phytoplankton mean? -What causes red tides? -What are commercial uses of algae? -What cell components are used by protists for locomotion? -Which photosynthetic pigments are found in red, brown, green algae (Phaeophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta) Which protist is the ancestor of all land plants & what are the characteristics these protists and plants share? -Which protists are heterotrophic? -What is positive phototaxis and why does Euglena demonstrate it? What does Protozoa mean? What causes Malaria? What 2 hosts does a Plasmodium require to complete its life cycle?