Std: 6Sb.3, 6Sb.4 January 2013 Ms. Butler

Size varies Most have a root like structure Adapted to every environment on Earth All need water Some require to be submerged Either saltwater or freshwater

Membrane Nucleus Other cellular structure Provide structure Protection Many contain green pigment chlorophyll Found in structure called chloroplast Use to make food through a process called photosynthesis

Probably originated from one-celled ancient green algae from the sea. One celled and/or many celled organism Have some types of chlorophyll and carotenoids Carotenoids red, yellow, or orange pigments used for photosynthesis Algae BrainPop

Cuticle Secreted by cells onto the surface of the plant Slows loss of water which enables the plant to live on land Chemical compound Cellulose Long chains of cellulose molecules form tangled fibers in plant cell walls provide structure and support Other cell wall substances Wood used for construction because of strong cell walls Each plant cell is surrounded by water

Reproduction Water resistant spores helped plants reproduce successfully Others adapted by producing water – resistant seed in cones or in flowers that developed into fruit Classification of Plants Into major groups called divisions Another way to group is vascular or nonvascular Naming plants Binomial nomenclature Unique two word name

Phylogeny- the evolutionary history of an organisms on how it has changed over time Kingdom – 1 st and largest Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Seedless Plants BrainPop

NonVascular Vascular Plants No-SeedsMossesLichens Not A Plant Fungi / Lichen, Mushrooms No Seeds FernsHorsetailsSeedsGymnosperms Conifer Conifer sAngiospermsMonocotsDicots

Very small plants Have rhizoid instead of roots Water absorbed directly into the cells Grow in damp environments Reproduce by spores Ex. Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Reproduce by spores, but have vascular tissue Can grow bigger and thicker than nonvascular plants (NV) Ferns are the largest group Have stems, leaves and roots Leaves called fonds Reproduce by fonds on back of the leaves Club mosses Needlelike leaves Ex. Ground pines and spike mosses Spores at the end of the stem structure BrainPOP | Science | Learn about Seedless Plants

Decaying seedless plants are compressed into peat and eventually coal Soil conditioners

What are they? Ex. Peanut butter, jelly, carrots Leaves Most have Where photosynthesis usually occurs Leaf cell structure Many layers Most have stomato – surrounded by two guard cells that open/close for gas exchange Stems Exchange materials Herbaceous or woody – usually soft and green BrainPop Seed Plants

Roots Have vascular tissue to move material Act as anchors Store food/water Carrots Beets Absorb O 2 through respiration

3 tissues Xylem – move material and support plant Phloem – move food from production to storage Cambium

Gymnosperms “naked seed” Oldest trees alive VS plants Produce seeds not protected by fruit Angiosperms SV flower plant Flowering plants with seeds protected in vessels In the Anthophyta division which is more than ½ of the known plants Flowers Angiosperms DicotsMonocots

Cotyledon - A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges, and becomes green. Also called seed leaf. Monocots Comprise a quarter of flowering plants Most economically important Have an embryo with one cotyledon Ex. Corn, rice, wheat, banana, pineapple, dates Dicots Have an embryo with two cotyledons Most shade trees Ex. Peanut, green beans, peas, apples and oranges

Biennials - Produce seeds and plants only during their 2 nd year of life Perennials Take 2 years to grow to maturity Herbaceous Appear to die in winter and grow back each year Ex. Fruit trees on stems that provide over many years

Photosynthesis the process of capturing light energy and converting it to sugar energy, in the presence of chlorophyll using CO 2 and H 2 O, Respiration the process of metabolizing (burning) sugars to yield energy for growth, reproduction, and other life processes Transpiration – the loss of water vapor through the stomata of leaves Photosynthesis/Respiration Song