1 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom Introduction to the Plant Kingdom PAGE 35

2 Early Ancestors Aquatic to Terrestrial Life

3 Aquatic Ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor Group of green algae Group of green algae Called Charyophyceans Called Charyophyceans Chara

4 Algae & Land Plant Similarities Both contain chlorophylls a and b Both contain chlorophylls a and b Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids Store starch in plastids Store starch in plastids Cellulose in cell walls Cellulose in cell walls Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle Go through Alternation of Generations life Cycle copyright cmassengale

5 Terrestrial Habitat Aquatic Habitat copyright cmassengale

6 Living in Aquatic Environments Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Plants surrounded by water so don’t dry out Sperm swims to egg Sperm swims to egg Water supports plant Water supports plant Plants stay in upper surface near light Plants stay in upper surface near light Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O Absorb nutrients from the H 2 O copyright cmassengale

7 Plant Adaptations to Land Problems: Need minerals Need minerals Gravity Gravity Increase in Height for Light Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction Reproduction Solutions: Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Roots absorb H 2 O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm Pollen containing sperm copyright cmassengale

8 How Are Plants All Alike? copyright cmassengale

9 Plant Characteristics Multicellular Multicellular Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Autotrophic (photosynthesis) Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Chlorophylls a and b in thylakoid membranes Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Surrounded by cell walls containing cellulose (polysaccharide) Store reserve food as amylose (starch) Store reserve food as amylose (starch)

10 Plant Reproduction Alternation of generations life cycle Alternation of generations life cycle Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Haploid (1n) gametophyte stage Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue Produce multicellular embryo protected inside multicellular haploid (gametophyte egg sac) tissue

11 Plant Reproduction Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Diploid (2n) sporophyte stage produces haploid spores by meiosis Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Haploid spores undergo mitosis to produce gametophyte stage Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Gametophyte makes gametes (eggs and sperm) by meiosis Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte Zygote (2n) produces the new sporophyte

12 Do Learning Activity 5 Page 43

13 Alternation of Generations 2n Sporophyte 2n gametophyte 1n pollen Ovary with 1n ovules (eggs) 2n seed with plant embryo Sporophyte Gametophyte copyright cmassengale

14 Plant Divisions copyright cmassengale

PLANT CLASSIFICATION The plant kingdom has been divided into four major divisions The plant kingdom has been divided into four major divisions Bryophytes Bryophytes Pteridophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms (cone bearing plants) Gymnosperms (cone bearing plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) Angiosperms (flowering plants) By the presence or absence of By the presence or absence of Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) True leaves and roots True leaves and roots Seeds or spores Seeds or spores Cones or flowers Cones or flowers Fruit Fruit 15 Page 35

STAGES OF PLANT EVOLUTION Simple green algae Nonvascular plants Bryophytes e.g. mosses Nonvascular plants Bryophytes e.g. mosses Vascular plants With xylem and phloem Vascular plants With xylem and phloem Seed-bearingSeed-bearing SeedlessPterophytes e.g. ferns SeedlessPterophytes Cone-bearingGymnosperms E.g.. Cycads, conifers Cone-bearingGymnosperms Flowering plants angiosperms angiosperms Page 35

17 Taxonomy Plants are divided into two groups Plants are divided into two groups Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Based on the presence or absence of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials Called Vascular System Called Vascular System Vascular Bundles Page 35

18 Vascular System Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Xylem tissue carries water and minerals upward from the roots Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem Sap is the fluid carried inside the xylem or phloem

19 Nonvascular Plants Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materials Called Bryophytes eg mosses Called Bryophytes eg mosses Require a constantly moist environment Require a constantly moist environment Moss Gametophytes & Sporophytes Sporophyte stage Gametophyte Stage

20 Nonvascular Plants Plants can’t grow as tall Plants can’t grow as tall Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Cells must be in direct contact with moisture Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Materials move by diffusion cell-to-cell Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets Sperm must swim to egg through water droplets

21 Nonvascular Plants Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) Includes mosses (Bryophyta), liverworts (Hepatophyta), and hornworts (Antherophyta) LiverwortsHornworts

22 Main Parts of Vascular Plants Shoots Shoots -Found above ground -Have leaves attached - Photosynthetic part of plant Roots Roots -Found below ground -Absorb water & minerals -Anchor the plant

23 Vascular Plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Subdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed- bearing vascular plants Club Moss

24 Seedless Vascular Plants Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Includes club moss (Lycophyta), horsetails (Sphenophyta), whisk ferns (Psilophyta), and ferns (Pterophyta) Horsetails Whisk ferns

25 Seed-Producing Vascular Plants Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds

26 Gymnosperms are known as conifers are known as conifers Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Includes pine, cedar, spruce, and fir Cycadophyta – cycads Cycadophyta – cycads Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgophyta - ginkgo Ginkgo Cycad

27 Gymnosperms Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the oldest living plant – Bristle cone pine Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood Contains the tallest living plant – Sequoia or redwood

28 Angiosperms Flowering plants Flowering plants Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Seeds are formed when an egg or ovule is fertilized by pollen in the ovary Ovary is within a flower Ovary is within a flower Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Flower contains the male (stamen) and/or female (ovaries) parts of the plant Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds) Fruits are frequently produced from these ripened ovaries (help disperse seeds)

29 Angiosperms Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Subdivided into two groups – Monocots and Dicots Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Monocots have a single seed cotyledon Dicots have two eed cotyledons Dicots have two eed cotyledons copyright cmassengale

30 Monocots Parallel venation in leaves Parallel venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 3 Flower parts in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem Vascular tissue scattered in cross section of stem

31 Dicots Net venation in leaves Net venation in leaves Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Flower parts in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem Vascular tissue in rings in cross section of stem

32 THE END