Kingdom Plantae

Plant Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell walls made of cellulose Develop from multicellular embryos Carry out photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll a & b Reproduce by alternation of generations

Plant Adaptations to Land Solutions: Roots absorb H2O & minerals Lignin & cellulose in cell walls Vascular Transport System Waxy cuticle & stomata with guard cells Pollen containing sperm Problems: Need minerals Gravity Increase in Height for Light Adaptations for Drier environment Reproduction

Parts of a Leaf

What do plants need to survive? CO2 O2

Plant Evolution First plants evolved from organisms similar to today’s multicellular green algae.(from kingdom protista)

Bryophytes Life cycle that depends on water so the sperm can swim to the egg. Lack vascular tissue, so they obtain water through osmosis (this limits their height) Includes mosses, liverworts, & hornworts

Tracheophytes: seedless vascular plants Includes club mosses, horsetails and ferns Tracheid: new cell type that specializes in water transport. -Hollow cells with thick walls that resist pressure. Xylem: primary fluid transport Phloem: transport nutrients and carbs

Tracheophytes Seedless vascular plants Contain xylem & phloem (vascular tissue) Xylem – carries water up from the roots Phloem – transports products of photosynthesis

Tracheophytes Have roots, stems, and leaves with veins Include club mosses, horsetails, and ferns. Ferns have rhizomes & fronds with sori Rhizomes – fern stems Fronds – fern leaves Sori – fern spores

Spermatophytes Seed Plants Have adaptations that allow them to reproduce without water Flowers or cones Transfer of sperm by pollination Protection of embryos in seeds Two types: Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymnosperms Bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones Means “naked seeds” Include conifers, ginkgo, cycads, and gnetophytes

Angiosperms Flowering plants Bear seeds within ovaries which surround and protect the seed. Two types: Monocot Dicot

Monocots All monocots have the following characteristics: Single cotyledon – seed leaf Parallel veins Flower petals in multiples of 3 Vascular tissue scattered throughout the stem Fibrous roots

Dicots All dicots have the following characteristics: Double cotyledon seeds Branched veins Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular tissue arranged in a ring Taproot

Angiosperm Life Spans Annuals – complete life cycle in one growing season Biennials – complete life cycle in two years First year: grow roots, short stems and sometimes leaves Second year: grow new stems, leaves, produce flowers and seeds Perennials – live many years

Plant Structure Flower Male reproductive structures - Stamen Female reproductive structures - Carpal

Root Function Anchor plant to the ground Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil Water – through root pressure Nutrients – through active transport

Types of Roots Fibrous: root formed in bundles where it is not possible to determine the primary root. Cauline: roots that shoot from the stem. Tubercular: root in the form of a tubercle. Taproot: root that grows vertically into the earth.

Plant Growth Most plants grow and produce new cells at the tips of their roots and stems for as long as they live. Meristematic tissue – cluster of tissue responsible for continuing growth throughout the plant’s lifetime.