Fig. 21-2, p.334 multicelled gametophyte (n) multicelled sporophyte (2n) gametes (n) spores (n) mitosis meiosisfertilization mitosis zygote (2n) HAPLOID DIPLOID

Fig. 21-2, p.334 sporophyte’s importance angiospermsgymnospermsfernsbryophytesgreen algae zygote is only diploid phase gametophyte’s importance

Fig. 21-3, p.335 seed plants with complex leaves vascular plants land plants plants and close relatives charophytes mosses liverwortshornworts lycophytes cycads conifersginkgos gnetophytes flowering plants horsetails whisk fernsferns

Fig. 21-4, p.336

Fig. 21-5, p.336 Other germinating spores grow and develop into female gametophytes. Spores germinate. Some grow and develop into male gametophytes. Spores form by way of meiosis and are released. Sperm reach eggs by moving through raindrops or film of water on the plant surface. Zygote grows, develops into a sporophyte while still attached to gametophyte. zygote mature sporophyte (spore-producing structure and stalk), still dependent on gametophyte sperm-producing structure at shoot tip of male gametophyte egg-producing structure at shoot tip of female gametophyte rhizoids Diploid Stage Haploid Stage fertilization meiosis

Fig. 21-6, p.337

Fig. 21-7, p.337 female gametophytes thallus (leaflike part) close-up of gemmae male gametophyte

Fig. 21-8, p.338

Fig. 21-9, p.339 fertilization egg sperm zygote rhizome Spores develop. egg- producing structure sperm- producing structure mature gametophyte (underside) A spore germinates, grows into a gametophyte. Spores are released. sorus The sporophyte (still attached to the gametophyte) grows, develops. Haploid Stage Diploid Stage meiosis

Fig , p.339

Fig , p.341

Fig , p.342

Fig , p.343 surface view of a scale of a male strobilus (houses two pollen sacs) surface view of a female cone scale (houses two ovules) section through one ovule (the red “cut” in the diagram to the left) ovule section through a pollen sac (red cut) zygote mature sporophyte seedling seed coat embryo nutritive tissue seed formation Diploid Stage Megaspores form; one develops into the female gametophyte. Microspores form, develop into pollen grains. Germinating pollen grain (the male gametophyte). Sperm nuclei form as the pollen tube grows toward the egg. pollen tube sperm- producing cell pollination (wind deposits pollen grain near ovule) meiosis fertilization (view inside an ovule) eggs female gametophyte Haploid Stage

Fig , p.344 ginkgo other genera gymnosperms ferns cycads angiosperms (flowering plants)

Fig , p.344 ovule in an ovary stamen (microspores form here) carpel (megaspores form here) sepal petal

Fig , p.345

basal groups Amborella water lilies magnoliids star anise monocots eudicots

Fig , p.346 Megaspore gives rise to haploid cells in ovule. In one of the cells, mitosis without cytoplasmic division gives it two nuclei; it will give rise to endosperm. cell in ovule that will give rise to a megaspore ovules inside ovary pollen sac, where each one of many cells will give rise to microspores a flowering stem of the mature sporophyte (2n) Microspores form, then develop into pollen grains. Pollen is released. The pollen tube enters an ovule. cell from which endosperm will form female gametophyte ovary egg (line of cut of diagram at left) Diploid Stage Haploid Stage seed coat embryo (2n) endosperm (nutritive tissue) seed Pollination and pollen tube formation: male gametophyte sperm (n) pollen tube double fertilizationmeiosis

Table 21-1, p.348

Fig , p.348 cycadsgnetophytes flowering plants ferns lycophytes hornworts ginkgos whisk ferns liverwortsmosses horsetails conifers

Fig , p.349

Fig. 26-2, p.426 root tip root cap lateral (axillary) bud shoot tip (terminal bud) node internode node vascular tissues ground tissues SHOOTS ROOTS primary root lateral root young leaf flower dermal tissue leaf seeds in fruit withered seed leaf (cotyledon) stem root hairs

Fig. 26-3ab, p.427

Fig , p.431

Fig , p.433

Fig. 26-9, p.429 photosynthetic cellleaf surfacecuticleepidermal cell

Fig , p.433 Photosynthetic products (pink arrow) enter vein, will be distributed through plant. Water, dissolved mineral ions from roots and stems move into leaf vein (blue arrow). Carbon dioxide (pink arrow) in outside air diffuses into leaf through stomata. Oxygen and water vapor (blue arrow) diffuse out of leaf through stomata. leaf vein (one vascular bundle) xylemphloemcuticle upper epidermis palisade mesophyll spongy mesophyll lower epidermis epidermal cell stoma (small gap across lower epidermis)

Fig , p µm chloroplast (guard cells are the only epidermal cells that have these organelles) stoma guard cell

Fig , p.437

Fig. 27-4, p.444 a Root nodule of a soybean plant

Fig. 27-5, p.444

Fig. 27-7, p.446

Fig. 27-8, p.447

Fig , p.453

Fig. 28-2b, p.456 ovary petal (all petals combined are the flower’s corolla) sepal (all sepals combined are flower’s calyx) receptacle ovule (forms within ovary) stamencarpel (male reproductive part) (female reproductive part) filamentantherstigmastyle

Fig. 28-3, p.457

Fig. 28-4, p.457

Fig. 28-5a, p.458

Fig. 28-5b, p.458

Fig. 28-7ac, p.461

Fig. 28-8, p.462

Fig b, p.469

Fig , p.470

Fig , p.474