Chief John Ross Teresa Calderone, Zachariah George, Kristen Miragonator, Luisa Tinapay & Native Americans

What Jackson has done… Self-proclaimed superiority of whites over Natives Self-proclaimed superiority of whites over Natives Unjustly forcing off of land Unjustly forcing off of land Trail of Tears Trail of Tears Disobeying Supreme Court Disobeying Supreme Court Jackson only looking for benefit of U.S. Jackson only looking for benefit of U.S.

Use of Force to Leave Land Jackson violated the beliefs of the Natives Jackson violated the beliefs of the Natives Indian Removal Act of 1830 Indian Removal Act of 1830 Pushed them off land Pushed them off land Racism vs. Ethnic Cleansing?* (where does this come from) Racism vs. Ethnic Cleansing?* (where does this come from) Ignored ritual ceremonies requiring river water Ignored ritual ceremonies requiring river water Trail of Tears Trail of Tears Smallpox & other diseases Smallpox & other diseases Over 2,000/12 million Cherokee deaths Over 2,000/12 million Cherokee deaths Jackson – “Great White Father” or “Jack-sin-a”?* Jackson – “Great White Father” or “Jack-sin-a”?*

Natives’ Attempts at Compromise Multiple attempts to make peace with the whites Multiple attempts to make peace with the whites Five Civilized Tribes Five Civilized Tribes 19 members of a church were Native Americans 19 members of a church were Native Americans Jeremiah Evarts – active critic of Indian removal Jeremiah Evarts – active critic of Indian removal Cherokee Phoenix – Newspaper defending Cherokee right and need for the land Cherokee Phoenix – Newspaper defending Cherokee right and need for the land Council, government, constitution, alphabet Council, government, constitution, alphabet Americans – “key to economic success” Americans – “key to economic success”

Chief John Ross Part Native lawyer, speaking on behalf of Native tribes Part Native lawyer, speaking on behalf of Native tribes March to Washington D.C. March to Washington D.C. “Treaty” – wrong word? “Treaty” – wrong word? Feelings of denationalism Feelings of denationalism

Worcester vs. Georgia Issue – should Natives have their own nation? Issue – should Natives have their own nation? Marshall’s decision Marshall’s decision Yes Yes U.S. trades with Indians as though they are a nation U.S. trades with Indians as though they are a nation Act of 1802 – considers several Indian nations as distinct political communties with boundaries within which their authority is exclusive and guaranteed by the U.S. Act of 1802 – considers several Indian nations as distinct political communties with boundaries within which their authority is exclusive and guaranteed by the U.S. Jackson used “executive privilege” and ignored Supreme Court decision Jackson used “executive privilege” and ignored Supreme Court decision