Legal Research & Writing II Mike Brigner, J.D. Citations Legal Research & Writing II Mike Brigner, J.D.

Today 4 Things Why do we need a Citation Manual? Intro to ALWD An introduction to the most frequent citation forms Bonus: Style stuff

Why a Citation Manual? Purpose is to guide legal writers in proper formatting and style in: Court documents – main text Court documents – footnotes/endnotes Law review articles Etc.

Why a Citation Manual? Within your doc point reader to Document Source Document In the proper format to correctly identify the Source Document

What Is Covered? CITATIONS: Citation manuals explain how to write citations (in your legal memorandum, for example) for other sources you are citing to: Cases Statutes Reporters, Newspapers, Books Footnotes, Endnotes

What Is Covered? STYLE: Citation manuals also explain legal writing style rules for such items as: Abbreviations Capitalization Symbols Latin words Quotations

Introduction to The ALWD Citation Manual This is the Citation Bible for this Quarter

This Quarter We Use ALWD Citations Sinclair Community College This Quarter We Use ALWD NOT The Bluebook NOT The Ohio Manual Mandatory, but trial courts usually don’t follow it. It is the backup to ALWD & Bluebook. They say, if we don’t have a rule, use state rule. If there is a long way to do a citation, Ohio Manual uses it For new electronic Ohio cases, it is the ONLY citation format Almost identical to ALWD, but hard to read Mandatory in Ohio courts PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

Before Next You Sleep Read: Right now, look at ALWD Citation Manual Parts One & Two Text Chap 8A, B, F, G, I Right now, look at TOC Covers Appendices Index Look at Quick References to ALWD & Ohio Manual: http://people.sinclair.edu/mikebrigner/

Next, Third Thing An introduction to the most frequent citation forms. This will take a while.

Citing Case Law Italicize (or underscore) names of cases in text of documents Citations go in this order Name of Case Where to Find Case Court that Decided Case Meaning which jurisdiction Year Case Decided

Case Names Cite only last names of parties: Day v. Jax Omit titles (Appellee, Guardian, etc.) Omit multiple parties (omit et al.) Cite full names of businesses & organizations Lima Hospital Guaranty Co. v. Southern Division Ltd. NOT: Lima Hosp. Guar. Co. v. S. Div. Ltd. Abbreviate “United States” as “U.S.” For criminal cases decided in your state, use State v. Gripe For other states, use Kansas v. Gripe

Citing Case Law Memorize the punctuation, order, & spacing for each type of citation How to organize a citation: See ALWD, pp. 5 & 65 Parallel Citations: See ALWD, Rule 12.4(a)(2) See ALWD, pp. 78-80

Citing Case Law The court is usually identified by the name of the reporter. If not, you must identify the court in the parenthetical with the date. Rose v. Gown, 234 F. Supp. 345 (S.D. Ohio 1967) John v. Bear, 96 F.2d 823, 829 (6th Cir. 1998) Identify court div, dist, dept, etc if known Arc v. Coy, 3 N.E.2d 14 (Ohio 1999) Arm v. Bay, 2 N.E.2d 12 (Ohio App. 2nd Dist. 1998)

Short Form After the first use of the full citation in any document, you can use Short Form of Citation See ALWD Rule 11.3 & Rule 12.21 Examples: Id. at 924 Seel, 971 P.2d at 924 (Note: Id. is only for immediately preceding authority)

Citing Federal Case Law

Citing Federal Case Law See ALWD, page 63 Citing U.S. Supreme Court Cases 3 publishers: U.S., S. Ct., L. Ed. Cite to the official reporter, United States Reports, only 223 U.S. 45 (1972) ALWD Rule: No parallel cites

Citing Federal Case Law Citing U.S. Circuit Court Cases John v. Bear, 96 F.2d 823 (6th Cir. 1998) Citing U.S. District Court Cases Rose v. Gown, 234 F. Supp. 345 (S.D. Ohio 1967) Notes: -- 6th or 6th is okay Use 2d & 3d, not 2d & 3d, not 2nd & 3rd No space between “F.” and “2d” Space between “F.” and “Supp.” Inside parentheses, we ID the court

Citing a State Statute State statutory citations go in this order Abbreviated name of code Section number of statute Year of the code volume (& “Supp.”) Go to Ohio’s Table in ALWD (pp. 361-362). See Ohio statute format. Use this (Note: Be aware of, but don’t use for this class, the normal practice in Ohio:) Cite the Ohio Revised Code as R.C. (not O.R.C.), & omit the section sign

Citing Federal Statutes Federal statutory citations go in this order: Title number Abbreviate name of the code Section symbol & section number Year of code volume

Citing Federal Statutes See ALWD, pg 107. Examples: 30 U.S.C. § 523 (1994) 30 U.S.C. § § 523-528 (1994) NOTE: No underlines Use section symbol(s), followed by a space U.S.C. is the official code for federal statutes, and is the preferred cite But use U.S.C.A., & U.S.C.S. for research, because they are annotated

Citing Administrative Rules See ALWD pg. 176 We use ALWD format Ohio Admin. Code 123-08-04 (1999) (Note: Be aware of, but don’t use for this class the usual practice in Ohio:) Abbreviate the Ohio Administrative Code as O.A.C., & omit the section sign

Citing Legal Encyclopedias In italics, use the complete title of the major encyclopedia topic for the material cited. 67 Am. Jur. 2d Robbery § 91 (1985) 35 Ohio Jur. 3d Condominiums and Co-operative Apartments § 20 (1979, Supp. 1983) Do not use titles of sections or subsections Date is publication date of volume or supp.

Citing Law Reviews Author’s Name (w/o titles) Citations Sinclair Community College Citing Law Reviews Author’s Name (w/o titles) Name of article in italics Volume, publicatn abbrev, page, date Cass R. Sunstein, Affirmative Action, Caste, and Cultural Comparisons, 97 Mich. L. Rev 1311, 1315 (1999) OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

Citing A.L.R. Author’s Name (w/o titles) Name of article in italics Citations Sinclair Community College Citing A.L.R. Author’s Name (w/o titles) Name of article in italics Volume, publicatn abbrev, page, date Milton Roberts, Civil Liability of Physician for Failure to Diagnose or Report Battered Child Syndrome, 97 A.L.R.2d 338, 342 (1980) OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

Citing Atty Gen Opinions Citations Sinclair Community College Citing Atty Gen Opinions Ohio Attorney General’s office uses: 1981 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 81‑039 Ohio Manual uses this format: 1971 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 71-079 ALWD uses this format: Use this Ohio Op. Atty. Gen. 1165 (1946) OAG is not covered in Bluebook. The second version is the one the OAG’s office currently uses PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.

Citing Electronic Sources New technology brings new problems: How do you cite a page of something that has no pages? See ALWD, Part Four Do not cite LEXIS or Westlaw, or include a parallel citation to either, if the case is available in a printed reporter White v. C.J. Coakley Co., 1999 Va. App. LEXIS 261 (May 4, 1999)

Citing Other Sources Constitutions Rules of Procedure & Evidence Books See ALWD, Chap. 13 Rules of Procedure & Evidence See ALWD, Chap. 17 Books See ALWD, Chap. 22 Law Review Articles See ALWD, Chap. 23 A.L.R. (NOT just “4 A.L.R. 517” !) See ALWD, Chap. 24

Quick Reference ALWD CITATION FORMATS — A Quick Reference Prepared by Mike Brigner, J.D., Sinclair Community College Paralegal Program Go to My. Sinclair My.Sinclair Then Course Materials Then home page for this course

Take a Break

4th Thing: Rules of Style (Text Chap. 8 & ALWD, Parts 2 & 6) Signals Case Parenthetical Pages Footnotes Endnotes Section Marks Paragraph Marks Internal cross-references Id., Infra & Supra Quotations Abbreviations Numbers & Symbols Italicization Capitalization Judges’ Titles

Style: Pages See ALWD Chap. 5 Give page # showing where item begins, just before giving date Also give page # of specific info Don’t use “p.” or “p.p.” unless referring to other pages in your document Use “at” if needed to avoid confusion

Style: § and ¶ See ALWD Chap. 6 At start of sentence, use the word, not the symbol When symbols are used, put space between symbol and numeral Use 2 symbols when citing more than one section or paragraph Ex: 18 U.S.C. § § 1201-1206

Style: Id. See ALWD Chap. 11 Id. from Latin idem, “in the place previously mentioned “ Use when citing the immediately preceding authority Example: . . . as Justice Poe said. Id. at 563.

Style: Quotations See ALWD Chap. 47 You must cite the page quoted from Cite page for each parallel citation Clue: look for page #s in brackets Use block quotations (indented left & right) for quotes over 50 words, with no quotes around block

Style: Quotations See ALWD Chap. 49 If omitting language within or at the end of a quotation, use an ellipsis ( . . . ) (space-dot-space-dot-space-dot) Omission at end of sentence, 4 periods Ex: “then the plaintiff was deposed . . . .” Never begin a quotation with ellipsis Instead, show omission at beginning of a sentence by changing first letter to upper case and using brackets: Ex: “[T]he plaintiff was deposed . . .”

Style: Alterations See ALWD Chap. 48 An alteration is a change you make in some quoted material Use brackets [ ] when: changing the case of a letter omitting a word or letter substituting a word [sic] = a significant mistake in a quoted original. Insert after the mistake. Ex: “He are [sic] a student.”

Style: Abbreviations See ALWD Chap. 2 Close up adjacent single capitals (N.E.) Don’t close up in longer abbrevs. (S. Ct.) Treat single numerals as capitals (F.2d) Most abbrevs. are followed by period When entity is commonly referred to by initials, omit periods (CBS, CIA, FBI) U.S. always gets periods

Finding Abbreviations See ALWD Appendix 1: Ohio abbreviations (and other states’ abbreviations) Appendix 3: General abbreviations Appendix 4: Court abbreviations Appendix 5: Law review abbreviations

Style: Numerals & Symbols See ALWD Chap. 47 Spell out numbers zero to ninety-nine Use numerals if it has decimal point Any number at beginning of sentence must be spelled out Use $ & % symbols with numerals. Spell out when spelling out the number, or when beginning a sentence. No space between $ or %, and numeral

Style: Italics See ALWD Chap. 1 Use italics for foreign words, except those used in common language Illegitimi non carborundum BUT: quid pro quo (“one thing in return for another”) e.g. (“for example, such as”) i.e. (“that is”) “Id.” is always italicized Use italics for equations (E=mc2)

Style: Capitalization See ALWD Chap. 3 Capitalize “Court” ONLY when: Referring to U.S. Supreme Court When using a court’s full title When referring to the same court you are directing the document to “Some court once said. . .” “This Court will want to know. . .”

Style: Judges Capitalize title: Justice Holmes, Judge Rice, Chief Justice Moyer Don’t use double titles: Judge Walter H. Rice OR The Honorable Walter H. Rice NEVER: The Honorable Judge Walter H. Rice The Honorable Walter H. Rice, Judge

Citations Concluded Thank You Mike Brigner, J.D. Sinclair Community College Citations Concluded Thank You Mike Brigner, J.D. PAR 112 Mike Brigner, J.D.