OPEC - organization petroleum exporting countries OPEC - organization petroleum exporting countries Cold War - USA (United States & democracy) vs. USSR (Soviet Union & communism), End of WW to Collapse of Soviet Union 1990 Cold War - USA (United States & democracy) vs. USSR (Soviet Union & communism), End of WW to Collapse of Soviet Union 1990 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – European and North American countries alliance NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) – European and North American countries alliance Warsaw Pact - USSR and allies Warsaw Pact - USSR and allies

Chapter 28 The Middle East in the World Today

OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries Cartel – group of businesses controlling market: an alliance of business companies formed to control production, competition, and prices

When was OPEC formed? September 14, 1960 September 14, 1960

Who controlled oil output and prices before OPEC? The Seven Sisters Oil Companies Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso). This later became Exxon, now ExxonMobil. Standard Oil of New Jersey (Esso). This later became Exxon, now ExxonMobil.Esso ExxonExxonMobilEsso ExxonExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell Anglo-Dutch Royal Dutch Shell Royal Dutch Shell British Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). It is now known solely by the initials BP. British Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC). It is now known solely by the initials BP.Anglo-Persian Oil CompanyBPAnglo-Persian Oil CompanyBP Standard Oil of New York (Socony). This later became ExxonMobil. Standard Oil of New York (Socony). This later became ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil Standard Oil of California (Socal). This became Chevron. Standard Oil of California (Socal). This became Chevron. Chevron Gulf Oil. A network of stations in the northeastern United States still bears this name. Gulf Oil. A network of stations in the northeastern United States still bears this name. Gulf Oil Gulf Oil Texaco. Merged with Chevron in Texaco remains as a Chevron brand name. Texaco. Merged with Chevron in Texaco remains as a Chevron brand name. Texaco

Who were the original members? Who later joined the organization? 1. First, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela. 2. Later, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, UAE, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon

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What is OPEC’s objective? Coordinate and unify petroleum prices among member countries Coordinate and unify petroleum prices among member countries

What role does the United States play in OPEC? NONE NONE

OPEC by the decades Three Words 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s

What did OPEC do in the 1960s? The 60s were the forming years when OPEC tried to establish itself as a world player in the world oil market. It adopted resolutions and policies with the seven major oil producing companies The 60s were the forming years when OPEC tried to establish itself as a world player in the world oil market. It adopted resolutions and policies with the seven major oil producing companies

What did OPEC do in the 1970s? OPEC rose to international prominence. Member countries took control of their oil industries. OPEC persevered the first two oil price crises set forth by the Iranian Revolution, 79, and the Arab oil embargo, 73. OPEC rose to international prominence. Member countries took control of their oil industries. OPEC persevered the first two oil price crises set forth by the Iranian Revolution, 79, and the Arab oil embargo, 73.

What did OPEC do in the 1980s? OPEC realized cooperation was necessary if market stability and reasonable prices would be achieved in the future. The environment became an issue. The third oil pricing crisis occurred, 86, when prices collapsed. OPEC realized cooperation was necessary if market stability and reasonable prices would be achieved in the future. The environment became an issue. The third oil pricing crisis occurred, 86, when prices collapsed.

What did OPEC do in the 1990s? A fourth crisis was averted when output was increased to combat high rising prices. Environmental concerns created a buzz about future oil productions. OPEC and non-OPEC countries worked together when the Asian markets collapsed in 1998 A fourth crisis was averted when output was increased to combat high rising prices. Environmental concerns created a buzz about future oil productions. OPEC and non-OPEC countries worked together when the Asian markets collapsed in 1998

Identify the three major oil pricing crises. Arab oil embargo, 73 Arab oil embargo, 73 Iranian Revolution, 79 Iranian Revolution, 79 Prices peaked at the beginning of the decade, before beginning a dramatic decline, 86 Prices peaked at the beginning of the decade, before beginning a dramatic decline, 86

The Burj Khalifa World’s Tallest Building – 838 meters tall ~ 2700 feet tall World’s Tallest Building – 838 meters tall ~ 2700 feet tall Dubai, UAE Dubai, UAE Opened 2009 Opened 2009 Man made islands – palm tree islands, world islands Man made islands – palm tree islands, world islands

Homework Page 602 3, 4, 5, 8

The Middle East Today Chapter 28

Regional and Global Issues The Cold War The Cold War –The Soviet Union and the United States  Communism vs. Democracy  Control of waterways  Control of oil  Supply of Weapons (Nukes) –Battle for Turkey  Russia supplied Turkish rebels; US supplied economic and mil. resources

Regional and Global Issues Battle for Afghanistan Battle for Afghanistan –Soviets invaded Afghanistan to support communist government –US supported rebels fighting the communist govt. –The US did not want communism to spread south and disrupt oil and waterway traffic –Rise of Al Qaeda in Middle East fighting against Soviet Union

Osama bin Laden – Al Qaeda

Two Persian Gulf Wars Iran Iraq War Iran Iraq War –Border disputes turned into war when Saddam Hussein captured Shatt-al- Arab, a key waterway for oil between Iran and Iraq –Hussein wanted to end Iranian support of Iraqi Shiites

Saddam Hussein – President of Iraq 1979 – – 2003 Executed 2006 Executed 2006 Iran Iraq War Iran Iraq War Persian Gulf War 1990s Persian Gulf War 1990s Persian Gulf War 2000s Persian Gulf War 2000s

Two Persian Gulf Wars Iran Iraq War Iran Iraq War –More than one million died in the fighting –The war lasted from – neither side accomplished their goals –The US & Soviet Union actively supported Iraq –The US secretly supported Iran

Two Persian Gulf Wars Persian Gulf War Persian Gulf War –Saddam invaded Kuwait, he believed Kuwait should be part of Iraq b/c both were part of Ottoman Empire –The international community condemned Iraq

Two Persian Gulf Wars Persian Gulf War Persian Gulf War –A UN coalition led by the US attacked in Jan. ’91 and Iraq surrendered in February ’91 –Iraq suffered huge losses; Saddam held power after the war –Al Qaeda turns against west; sees western countries as occupiers

Review Put in order – from date each began Put in order – from date each began –Persian Gulf War –Forming of OPEC –Operation Iraqi Freedom –Iran-Iraq War –Cold War Identify – Shatt-al-Arab Identify – Shatt-al-Arab

Arab-Israeli Conflict Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism

Arab-Israeli Conflict Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism Arab Nationalism vs. Jewish Nationalism Intro Page 622 Intro Page

Golan Heights – border between Israel & Syria Golan Heights – border between Israel & Syria West Bank – the Jordan River West Bank – the Jordan River Jerusalem – Capital of Israel Jerusalem – Capital of Israel Gaza Strip – west Israel Gaza Strip – west Israel Sinai Peninsula – border between Egypt & Israel Sinai Peninsula – border between Egypt & Israel

Arab Israeli Conflict True-False True-False –Jews believe Israel was promised to them by God –Arabs believe Palestine is their homeland because they have lived there for centuries –Arabs and Jews have been fighting over this land for thousands of years –Jerusalem is a holy city for Jews, Christians, and Muslims –Israel was founded after World War II

Arab Israeli Conflicts 1948 War 1948 War 1967 War – 6 Day War 1967 War – 6 Day War 1973 War – Yom Kippur War 1973 War – Yom Kippur War Intifada Intifada Assassinations Assassinations Camp David – 1970s Camp David – 1970s –US President Jimmy Carter Oslo Accords – 1990s Oslo Accords – 1990s –US President Bill Clinton Arab Israeli Peace Efforts

Palestinian nationalism grew with general Arab nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

Nationalism in Europe stimulated ideas for a Jewish nation.

1897: Theodore Herzl founded the World Zionist Organization (WZO)

Zionism: the movement to create a Jewish nation in Palestine

Theodore Herzl

The Zionists encouraged Jewish settlement in Palestine

The Zionist threat helped define them as separate nationalists

Despite much Arab opposition, most of the land was purchased from Arab owners

Palestine: British mandate after WWI

1917: The Balfour Declaration (page 587- last paragraph)

Hatred and distrust grew between Arabs and Jews under British control

The Arab Palestinian Revolt was a turning point.

Haganah, a defense force, was formed against Arab violence.

By 1936 it had 40,000 troops

England, caught between Arabs and Jews, restricted immigration.

The Holocaust united Jews (esp. the U.S.) for the idea of a Jewish state and WWII weakened the British.

1946: Irgun bombed the King David Hotel, the British military headquarters.

90 people were killed

The British decided to leave and turn over the problem to the U.N.

The U.N. Partition Plan 1947 Palestine divided between the Jews and the Arabs; Jerusalem internationalized

The Jews accepted the partition.

1948: David Ben- Gurion announced Israel’s independence

The Arabs rejected the partition. Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, and Iraq attacked.

War for Israeli Independence 1948 Israel defeated Arabs

Three More Wars War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations. War in the Sinai (1956) - Raids and reprisals between the Arabs and Israel, and Egypt's seizure of the Suez Canal, led to Israel's invasion of the Sinai Peninsula. Israel withdrew in 1957 after its access to the Persian Gulf was guaranteed by the United Nations. Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed), and Gaza. The war ended by a U.N.-arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did not specify how much land it should give up. Six Day War (1967 War): Israel captured Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank, the Old City of Jerusalem (which Israel later annexed), and Gaza. The war ended by a U.N.-arranged cease-fire. The United States called on the Israelis to withdraw from occupied territories but did not specify how much land it should give up. Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the region Yom Kippur War (1973) - Egypt and Syria launched a joint attack on Israel on the Jewish holy day, Yom Kippur, to regain lost territory. Caught off-guard, Israel took several days to mobilize, suffering heavy casualties, but it forced the opposition back. Establishes Israel as the dominant military power in the region

Ben-Gurion became Israel’s first prime minister.

Israel became a multi-party parliamentary democracy.

Arafat founded Fatah: The Palestinian National Liberation Movement

1964: Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) is founded.

2004: Arafat Died

Mahmoud Abbas became the next leader of the PLO

Camp David Accords 1979 U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established diplomatic relations. U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Egypt and Israel signed the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab nation. It formally ended the state of war that had existed between them for 30 years. In return for Egypt's recognition of Israel's right to exist, Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula. The two nations also formally established diplomatic relations.

Oslo Accords 1993 Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a Palestinian state Secret negotiations between Israel and the PLO resulted in a treaty that included mutual recognition, limited self-rule for Palestinians Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agreed to work towards a Palestinian state

Identifications OPEC OPEC Refugee Refugee Intifada Intifada Occupied territories Occupied territories Camp David Accords Camp David Accords Oslo Accords Oslo Accords Nationalism Nationalism Shatt-al-Arab Shatt-al-Arab

Arafat and Rabin were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

“Road Map” to Peace 2003 A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state. A plan developed by the European Union, Russia, UN, and United States and presented to the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government. A three phase peace process that culminates with the creation of a Palestinian state.

2005: Israel began removing all Jewish settlers from the occupied territories (Gaza)

In 2006 Fatah lost elections for the PA to the Islamic fundamentalist party Hamas

Abbas dismissed the Hamas government and currently rules by decree

Remaining Issues to Peace Control of Jerusalem Control of Jerusalem Palestinian Statehood (Borders) Palestinian Statehood (Borders) Palestinian Refugees Right to return Palestinian Refugees Right to return Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Jewish Settlements in the West Bank Terrorism Terrorism