Population II: Migration

Types of migration Emigration (from) or immigration (to) Voluntary or involuntary (forced) International (between countries) or internal (within a country). Documented or undocumented

Migration flows

Push factors Violence (war or high crime) Poor economy Ethnic or religious persecution Degraded resources or poor weather

Pull factors Peace (or more security) Economic opportunities/ good services Freedom of expression Better sense of place or weather

Intervening obstacles Restrictions on immigration Bias against immigrants Distance and lack of money Cultural unfamiliarity

VOLUNTARY MIGRATION Gross migration –Total number of migrants Net migration –Gain or loss as result of migration

Chain migration Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants Family reunifications “Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country

“Guest workers” Temporary employment Send money home Kids become citizens? Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong, 1990s Turks in Germany, 1980s Mexican “braceros” in U.S., 1950s

“Brain Drain” Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs Wealthy, educated country gains Poor country loses skilled people

REFUGEES (involuntary) Flee war or persecution –International or internal Many move to temporary camps Apply for “asylum” (safe haven)

Main sources of refugees

Highlands in Laos Mekong River (border) Refugee camp in Thailand Laos Thailand Hmong refugees from Laos

Hmong refugees from Laos Many now in Calif., Minn., Wis.

“Ethnic cleansing” Forced removal of an ethnic group Serbs expelled from Krajina (Croatia), 1995 Albanians expelled from Kosovo (Serbia), 1999 Term from breakup of Yugoslavia, 1990s

Afghan refugees

Migration and the U.S.

International / Involuntary : Transatlantic Slave Trade

Diaspora A group scattered globally by large- scale migration African Diaspora Jewish Diaspora Chinese Diaspora Palestinian Diaspora

Internal / Involuntary: Indian Removal west of Mississippi River

Waves of immigration, 1840s-1930s

Annual Immigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin

Origins and Destinations of Recent Immigrants

Immigration Patterns from Asia

Anti-immigrant movements Riot against Chinese in Denver, 1880 Signs against Japanese in California, 1930s

Anti-immigrant arguments Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services –Yet mainly “low-end” jobs Immigrants “threaten” culture/language –Argument sees diversity as negative Anti-immigrant movements affect elections –Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc.

Undocumented immigrants more likely than U.S. citizens to… Be employed –Work longer hours Be free from assistance –Contribute to federal taxes through payroll Drain state social services –Federal gov’t should compensate states?

Immigration Patterns from Latin America

Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, 1980s Economic migrants or refugees? Cubans had preferred status because they left a Communist country Boat people from Haiti, 1990s

Who came to whom? U.S. annexed northern Mexico in 1848

Internal migration within U.S.

Shifting Center of U.S. Population,

Rural-to-urban shift (Voluntary/internal)

The Great Migration African Americans moving from South to North to work in war industries

Shift to Sunbelt and West, late 20th century

U.S. Interregional Migration (annual average in 1000s during 1990s)