Mr. Ermer U.S. History Miami Beach Senior High The Nixon Years: A Crisis of Authority

The Youth Culture “Liberation” The New Left Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) University of California at Berkeley The Free Speech Movement People’s Park The Counterculture Hippies & Haight-Ashbury Communal Living Rejection of traditional values Drugs & “Free Sex” Rock & Roll The Beatles

Mobilization of Minorities Native Americans Eisenhower’s “Termination” Federal government attempts to move Native Americans into mainstream Tribes deprived of legal status, remanded to the state governments, ended in 1958 Indian Civil Rights Movement/American Indian Movement (AIM) Declaration of Indian Purpose fights anti-Native prejudice Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 United States v. Wheeler (1978) calls termination unconstitutional Occupation movements Latino Activism Flood of new immigrants from Latin America after WWII “Chicano Activism” and La Raza Unida Cesar Chavez and migrant workers’ rights

Feminism 1960s-70s: Feminism emerges as powerful force in American society Kennedy’s President’s Commission on the Status of Women Equal Pay Act Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of : Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique National Organization for Women (NOW) 1972: Congress approves Equal Rights Amendment to Constitution Is not ratified by the states, backlash against feminism 1973: Roe v. Wade decision invalidates all laws prohibiting early term abortions Based on the newly established “right to privacy” resulting from Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)

Nixonian Foreign Policy National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger dominates foreign policy of Nixon Administration Belief in a “multi-polar” world, new international order 1969: Nixon meets Soviet leaders in Helsinki, Finland for talks Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 1972: Nixon visits China and “opens” Chinese to trade Helps Communist China’s government enter United Nations Nixon Doctrine Defend allies in Third World, aid development, but leave “basic responsibility” of the future of those “friends” to nations themselves Six-Day War (1967) Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, Jordan—Israel gains new territories Palestinian refugee count increases in Jordan and Lebanon Yom Kippur War (1973) Arab Oil Embargo of 1973 United States presses Israel to accept ceasefire in order to keep Arab allies

The Nixon Years at Home Defends the interests of the “Silent Majority” Reduce federal “interference” in local affairs Slowed the pace of school integration by bussing Attempt to dismantle Great Society & New Frontier legislation Abolishes Office of Economic Opportunity Attempt to replace welfare system with Family Assistance Plan Does not pass the Senate, welfare reform tabled Election of 1972 Nixon vs. George McGovern (ultra-liberal democrat) Nixon wins in landslide

Nixon and the Supreme Court Warren Court of 1950s and 60s seen as too liberal Roth v. United States (1957): limits states’ ability to ban pornography Engle v. Vitale (1962): School prayer violates First Amendment Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): right to a trial attorney Escobedo v. Illinois (1964): right to an attorney before questioning Miranda v. Arizona (1966): authorities must inform suspects of his rights Baker v. Carr (1962): Apportioning of voting districts to ensure equality Chief Justice Earl Warren retires in 1969, Nixon appoints conservative federal judge Warren Burger Another justice spot opens, Senate rejects two conservative nominations Nixon nominates Harry Blackmun, a moderate Nixon also appoints two more justices, Lewis Powell and William Rehnquist Burger Court not as conservative as Nixon hoped Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Eduacation (1971): forced bussing Furman v. Georgia (1972): strict test for capital punishment law Roe v. Wade (1973) More moderate decisions include Milliken v. Bradley (1974) and Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978)

Nixon & the Economy Funding 1960s social programs and Vietnam without raising taxes brings increased deficit spending—leads to inflation Dollar begins to lose value relative to other currencies Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) After Arab Oil Embargo, OPEC raises price of oil by 400% Deindustrialization Industrial jobs being replaced by “knowledge based jobs” Rising income inequality Stagflation: rising cost of living with decreased economic performance Nixon tries to tackle inflation by decreasing money supply, raising interest Wage and price controls for federal agencies Value of dollar continues to slide

Watergate & the Presidency Changes to Presidency Nixon seeks, sometimes illegally, to exercise power June 17, 1972: seven men arrested for breaking into the Democratic National Committee office at the Watergate building Washington Post connects Committee for the Reelection of the President More illegalities, cover-up discovered Senate calls for release of Oval Office Recording System tapes “Executive Privilege” “Saturday Night Massacre” United States v. Richard M. Nixon, court rules tapes must be turned over Vice President Spiro Agnew resigns for his own scandal Replaced by Gerald Ford August 8, 1974: Nixon resigns office, Ford sworn in as president Ford pardons Nixon, “Our long national nightmare is over”

Work on it: On page 442, write and answer questions 1-5