States of Matter Density Buoyancy Viscosity NOTES!!!

What is Matter? Anything that has mass and takes up space Anything that has mass and takes up space So pretty much anything you can imagine – from the air we breathe, to water we drink, to the sun and all the stars. So pretty much anything you can imagine – from the air we breathe, to water we drink, to the sun and all the stars.

4 States of Matter Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas Plasma Plasma

Solid State Lowest energy form of matter Lowest energy form of matter Molecules do not change position Molecules do not change position Definite Shape Definite Shape Definite Volume Definite Volume

Liquid State Molecules can move around each other Molecules can move around each other Definite volume Definite volume Takes shape of container Takes shape of container

Gas State Molecules move freely and separate from one another Molecules move freely and separate from one another No definite shape No definite shape No definite volume No definite volume

Plasma Most common state of matter (in universe) Most common state of matter (in universe) Highest energy form of matter Highest energy form of matter Made up of ionized gas molecules (atoms breaking apart due to high heat/energy) Made up of ionized gas molecules (atoms breaking apart due to high heat/energy)

Gas Laws Boyle’s Law Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law Charles’s Law

Boyle’s Law states that the volume of a gas decreases when the pressure increases, provided the temperature remains the same (indirect relationship) states that the volume of a gas decreases when the pressure increases, provided the temperature remains the same (indirect relationship) P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2 P 1 V 1 = P 2 V 2

Charles’s Law states that the volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases, provided the pressure remains the same (direct relationship). states that the volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases, provided the pressure remains the same (direct relationship). V 1 /T 1 = V 2 /T 2 V 1 /T 1 = V 2 /T 2 OR more simply OR more simply V 1 T 2 = V 2 T 1 V 1 T 2 = V 2 T 1

Pascal’s Principle The pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid. The pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid. This is why if you squeeze one end toothpaste, it will come out the other. This is why if you squeeze one end toothpaste, it will come out the other. Also applies to hydraulics that lift cars or heavy objects Also applies to hydraulics that lift cars or heavy objects

Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by that fluid decreases. This is how the shape of an airplane wing gets the airplane in the air. The pressure above the wing is lower than the pressure below, so it pushes the airplane up. This is how the shape of an airplane wing gets the airplane in the air. The pressure above the wing is lower than the pressure below, so it pushes the airplane up.

DENSITY

Two Ways to Measure Matter.. Mass Mass Volume Volume

Density is.. A property that relates mass and volume (combines them) A property that relates mass and volume (combines them) Density = mass/volume Density = mass/volume OR OR Density equals mass per unit volume (g/cm 3 ) Density equals mass per unit volume (g/cm 3 )

Density affects… Hardness (resistance to scratching) Hardness (resistance to scratching) Elasticity (ability to stretch and return) Elasticity (ability to stretch and return) Brittleness (likelihood to shatter) Brittleness (likelihood to shatter) Malleability (ability to made into thin sheets) Malleability (ability to made into thin sheets) Tensile Strength (how much force before breaking) Tensile Strength (how much force before breaking)

Density of Fluids Tend to be less dense than solids Tend to be less dense than solids Molecules move around each other Molecules move around each other Do not “stack” easily Do not “stack” easily Water is an exception – ice is less dense than water (due to structure of water) Water is an exception – ice is less dense than water (due to structure of water)

Density Math The density of a material can be determined by dividing the mass by the volume The density of a material can be determined by dividing the mass by the volume Ex. What is the density of a 400 g block that has a volume of 16 cm 3 ? Ex. What is the density of a 400 g block that has a volume of 16 cm 3 ? Answer: 400/16 = 25 g/cm 3 Answer: 400/16 = 25 g/cm 3

Conversions Sometimes the mass is given in a unit other than grams. Sometimes the mass is given in a unit other than grams. Or the volume is given in a unit other than mL. Or the volume is given in a unit other than mL. Ex. What is the density of a block that weighs 2.5 kilograms and has a volume of 40 cm 3 ? Ex. What is the density of a block that weighs 2.5 kilograms and has a volume of 40 cm 3 ? The mass must be converted into grams (g) The mass must be converted into grams (g) Answer: 2500/40 = 62.5 g/cm 3 Answer: 2500/40 = 62.5 g/cm 3

Turning things around If you are given the density and volume of a substance, you can determine its mass. If you are given the density and volume of a substance, you can determine its mass. Ex. What is the mass of a block that has a density of 3 g/cm 3 and a volume of 40 cm 3 ? Ex. What is the mass of a block that has a density of 3 g/cm 3 and a volume of 40 cm 3 ? D=m/v, re-arranged, m=Dv D=m/v, re-arranged, m=Dv Answer: 3 X 40 = 120g Answer: 3 X 40 = 120g

Turning things around.. Again.. The same can be applied to volume.. The same can be applied to volume.. D=m/v, re-arranged, v=m/D D=m/v, re-arranged, v=m/D

Note… A cm 3 is equivalent to a mL. Specifically, mL is used for volume of gasses and liquids and cm 3 is used for the volume of solids. A cm 3 is equivalent to a mL. Specifically, mL is used for volume of gasses and liquids and cm 3 is used for the volume of solids.

BUOYANCY

Definition The measure of upward pressure a fluid exerts on an object The measure of upward pressure a fluid exerts on an object

Buoyancy is… Determined by density Determined by density The denser the fluid, the more buoyant force it applies The denser the fluid, the more buoyant force it applies Ruled by Archimedes’ Principle Ruled by Archimedes’ Principle The force exerted on an object by a liquid is equal to the mass of the fluid displaced by that object The force exerted on an object by a liquid is equal to the mass of the fluid displaced by that object

Displaced To move something from its usual place To move something from its usual place

Therefore… If buoyant force is greater than the mass of the object, the object FLOATS If buoyant force is greater than the mass of the object, the object FLOATS If buoyant force is less than the mass of the object, the object SINKS If buoyant force is less than the mass of the object, the object SINKS

Neutral Buoyancy Is achieved when the mass of the object is EQUAL to the mass of the liquid displaced by that object. Is achieved when the mass of the object is EQUAL to the mass of the liquid displaced by that object. The object floats exactly in the position it is placed. The object floats exactly in the position it is placed.

VISCOSITY

Definition Measure of a material’s resistance to flow Measure of a material’s resistance to flow (how hard it is to pour)

Viscosity is determined by… Size of liquid molecules Size of liquid molecules Shape of liquid molecules Shape of liquid molecules Temperature of liquid Temperature of liquid

Therefore… A thick substance is described as being very viscous A thick substance is described as being very viscous Ketchup, syrup (cold) Ketchup, syrup (cold) Motor oils have different grades based on viscosity (10W-40, 10W- 30) Motor oils have different grades based on viscosity (10W-40, 10W- 30)