IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 DRILL February 23, 2012 Answer the following in your notebook: If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable?

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels 2.Classical Mechanics: Force, Work, Energy, and Power 3.Trigonometry and Vectors 4.Energy and Power 5.Impacts of Current Generation and Use U NIT 3 – E NERGY AND P OWER Topics Covered

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas 1.Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand million years – remains buried deeper. 3.Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas 1.Often referred to as “gas” 2.Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C CH 4 – Methane C 3 H 8 – Propane

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Methods of Extraction 1.Associated – found in oil fields 2.Non-associated – found in natural gas fields 3.Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds 4.Before use, it must undergo processing to remove everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Methods of Extraction 1.Geologists locate types of rock that are known to contain gas and oil deposits. Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source 2.Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore. 3.NG flows up the well to the surface. 4.Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline 5.NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is added to give it odor – Mercaptan

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Top World Producers Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%) 90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Storage and Transport NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers. NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Processing

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Uses - HOME NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S. ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances. NG is raw material for: Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives Propane – barbecue grills

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas Uses – INDUSTRY Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc. U.S.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum 1.Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand million years – remains buried deeper. 3.Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction 1.Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine 2.Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Oil Wells: 1.Drill bit begins cutting into rock 2.Drilling fluid (mixture of fluids, solids, chemicals) 1.Cools the drill bit 2.Removes cut rock (shows released oil when ready)

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction Oil Wells: 3.Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through the well to the surface. If not, pumps:

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Methods of Extraction California, 1938

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum Limits to production (recovery): Technology – geology prevents getting there Economics – amount is not worth the cost

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Reserves

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Barrels 1 Barrel = 42 Gallons Other nations use different units Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful Varies in color – from clear to tar-black Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Different components of crude have different boiling points. When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot Process: 1.Crude is boiled 2.Highest boiling points condense first 3.Lower boiling points condense last Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Refining

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum Uses Primarily used to achieve mobility Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-1 Bi-weekly Essay Assignments Due Dates Every other Monday between now and the end of the 3 rd quarter, beginning next Monday. Follow online instructions carefully – some weeks require the completion of 2 articles. February 7 th (next Monday) and February 21 st are the first two due dates. Reminders in class are not likely. Impacts Journals REVIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption. FUELENERGY 2.Fuels are a source of energy. 3.Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential. Fuels and Energy Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels REVIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Non-renewable 1.Fossil Fuels Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil) 2.Nuclear – Uranium ore 2.Renewable Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind Fuel Types Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels REVIEW

IOT POLY ENGINEERING Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy. 2.Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years. 3.Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed. 4.Volatile: natural gas and petroleum 5.Nonvolatile: coal Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels REVIEW