Principle of Photovoltaic Energy city – Sehir University, Istanbul – September 2013 Dr Mohamed Zayed

Some references (a lot of info on photovoltaics and animations) MIT OpenCourseWare (2.626 Fundamentals of Photovoltaics) (lecture on environment and photovoltaics) (video introduction to photovoltaic) ( Martin Lorton video blog. Very instructive for house arrays application)

Basic ideas Introduction Properties of sun light Solar cell material (Semiconductor) Band gap (valence and conduction electrons) p-n junction (I-V curve)

implementation Efficiency of different type of solar cells PV arrays for houses (~ kW range) Large production arrays (~ MW)

Introduction Why would we need solar cells?

Introduction Why would we need solar cells? Local production of power (at small scale) Need for new energy sources in the future (end of oil, gas, nuclear) Need for a ‘clean’ energy source

Energy challenge in the future Increase of Energy needs (Increase of human population and industrialization) Decrease of fossil energy ? Abandon nuclear ? Increase renewable energies

UN report 2010

Properties of sun light Inner part of sun (T ~ 20,000,000 K) Outer part of sun (T ~ 6000 K) light coming to earth like black body radiation at ~6000K. Missing H and He lines due to absorption in the sun Missing absorption from earth’s atmosphere (O 2, H 2 O, CO 2, O 3 )

engineering/2-626-fundamentals-of- photovoltaics-fall-2008/lecture- notes/lecture1.pdf

Properties of sun light Total power from the sun light hitting the earth: 174,000 TW Total human power consumption on earth: ~ 50 TW (concentration of energy on earth surface: sunlight ~ 200W/m 2, wind ~ 2W/m 2, geothermal ~ 0.5W/m 2 )

Classification of solar cells + organic materials

Semiconductors (Solar cell material) Main technology: Si (~90% of solar cells), mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline Thin films: amorphous Si, CaTe, Cu In Ga Se, GaAs New technologies : Dye sensitized polymers, organic materials. Multi junction cells.

Valence and conduction band Valence band: low energy level for electrons (not mobile: insulator) (e- in the crystal bonds) Conduction band: high energy level for electrons (mobile: can conduct electricity) Semi conductors have (at T=0K) electrons filling the valance band. Energy (from temperature, light, etc) can promote valance electrons to the conduction band

Band Gap pad/teaching/lecture3.pdf

How to use this property? Light can excite electrons in the valence band and bring them in the conduction band. Valence band is left with ‘hole’ (missing electron) But they will recombine quickly. Need to separated them.

How to use this property? Light can excite electrons in the valence band and bring them in the conduction band. Valence band is left with ‘hole’ (missing electron) But they will recombine quickly. Need to separated them. -> Create an electrical field -> put a battery -> costs energy … 

p-n junction A better way is to use a p-n junction This will create an electric field inside the semiconductor. So we can separate electrons and holes before they recombine. Use the electrons to create a useful current.

p-n junction Si has 4 valence electron (14 e- in total) This 4 electrons are used in the Si-Si-Si-Si crystal bonds. B: 3 valence electrons (5 e- total) P: 5 valence electrons (15 e- total)

p- region p: dope Si with B (Boron), incomplete bond. Captures e- from neighboring valance bonds, leaving a positive hole. The hole can move around in the crystal. The B is negatively charged

n- region n: dope Si with P (Phophorus), at very low T the extra electron stays close to the P nucleus. at room T it will move around the crystal. Leaving a positively charged P atom.

p – n junction

Neutral Charged Electric field

p-n junction

Photogeneration at p-n junction

E

E

Implications of bandgap If photon has E< bandgap : No absorption (photon is lost) If photon has E> bandgap: Extra energy is lost in heat. Given Sunlight spectrum optimal Bandgap is ~1.4 eV Si has 1.1 eV (crystal)

Solar cell Base support (metal) p- type Si (Boron) dope material Thin layer of n-type (Phosphorus) doped Si material Contacts to collect current Anti reflecting coating

Picture of solar cell Mono crystal Sipoly crystal Si CdTe CIGS Flexible Dye sensitized TiO2 (semiconductor) [Ru(4,40-dicarboxy- 2,20-bipyridine) 2(NCS)2] (N3), Dye photogenerator

Multiple junction solar cells Best efficiency ~ 40% High cost Used in space industry

efficiency

PV arrays House arrays in the kW range Production arrays in the MW range

House arrays in the kW range

PV module Mounting angle/ orientation Electrical circuit DC- AC transformation Costs typically 36 connected in series

PV module Most PV bulk silicon PV modules consist of transparent top surface, encapsulant rear layer frame around the outer edge. In most modules, the top surface is glass, the encapsulant is EVA (ethyl vinyl acetate) and the rear layer is Tedlar

PV module A bulk silicon PV module consists of multiple individual solar cells connected mostly in series The voltage of a PV module is usually compatible with a 12V battery. An individual silicon solar cell has a voltage of just under 0.6V under 25 °C and AM1.5 illumination. 36 solar cells in series give max. 21V (open circuit), operating 18V at max power. Excess voltage is to take care of non optimal conditions. Current can be A per module, depending on the size of the cells.

Space needs 10ft² = 0.92m²

House array 2kW house array (max possible 2kW x 24h = 48kWh/day) But sun is not always there sunny day (spring South Africa) 12kWh/day cloudy day 6 kWh/day Some ‘typical’ house needs Fridge 30/150W 2.7kwh (idle / cooling) TV 80W 500Wh (6h) light 250W 1.8KWh (7h) Heater 3000W 12kWh (7h) pool pump 750W 5.3kWh (7h) Microwave 1200W 600Wh (0.5h) Total 23kWh (per day) summer (~20kWh/day) winter (~30kWh/day)

Costs

Production arrays Examples : Germany Examples: Gulf region

Germany fakten/zahlen

Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany (thin film technology- CdTe) Year MW 40,000MWh/year 600’000 modules 130 M€ investment

Gulf region Saudi: plans 41,000MW (16,000 PV) over next 20 years for target 2$/W UAE: Shams 1 100MW solar concentration, target 7% of renewable for Abu Dhabi by 2020 Qatar: 200MW project by polysilicon plant at Ras Laffan for PV pannels