Condensation and Hydrolysis Condensation Two molecules combine Hydrolysis A molecule splits into two smaller ones

Carbohydrates Monosaccharides –6 Carbon sugars Glucose Fructose Galactose –5 Carbon sugars Deoxyribose Ribose

Carbohydrates Oligosaccharides –Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Maltose –Formed by condensation reactions

Fatty Acids Carbon backbone Carboxyl group (- COOH) Unsaturated –One or more double bonds in backbone Saturated –All single bonds in backbone

Triglycerides Neutral fats –Three fatty acids and a glycerol –Condensation reaction –Body’s most abundant lipid Functions: –Energy reservoir –Insulation

Structure of Amino Acids Central carbon atom An amino group A carboxyl group A hydrogen atom One or more atoms “R Group”

Structural Formulas for Some Amino Acids

Peptide Bond Formation A type of condensation reaction

Levels of Protein Structure Primary structure: The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary structure: The polypeptide chains folds on itself to form a helix or a pleated sheet. Tertiary structure: The helix and or pleated sheet fold on itself to form a globular structure Quaternary structure: two are more tertiary structures binding together.

Second Level of Protein Structure Hydrogen bonds –Helical coiling –Sheet-like pattern

Third Level of Protein Structure Additional folding of secondary structure R Group interactions –Hydrogen bonds –Disulfide bridges

Fourth Level of Protein Structure Two or more polypeptide chains joined by –Weak bonds (Hydrogen bonds) –Covalent bonds between sulfur atoms and R groups Collagen Keratin Hemoglobin

Structural Changes by Denaturation Disruption of three-dimensional shape of protein –Changes in temperature and pH –Loss of function Some proteins have organic compounds attached –Glycoproteins –Lipoproteins

Two types of Nucleic acid DNA –Double stranded –Hydrogen bonds between strands –Twisted helically –Four kinds of nucleotide monomers (A, T, C, G) –Encodes protein- building instructions RNA –Single stranded –Four kinds of nucleotide monomers (A, U, C, G) –Do not encode protein- building instructions –Key players in the protein-building processes –mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA Building blocks –Four kinds of nucleotides –Differ only in component bases

Single Strand of Nucleic Acid A series of covalently bonded nucleotides Nucleotides form together by condensation reactions

DNA

In Conclusion Organic compounds have elements covalently bonded to carbon atoms Living cells assemble organic compounds: lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids The building blocks are amino acids, nucleotides, simple monosaccharide sugars, and fatty acids Complex carbohydrates are energy storage forms and structural materials

In Conclusion Lipids are used as energy storage and structural components Proteins are made of amino acids. They form structural part of the body as well and enzymes. Nucleic acids are the basis of inheritance and reproduction developed by M. Roig