Building Blocks of BIOCHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL BONDS Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together.Chemical bonds hold the atoms in a molecule together. There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENTThere are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT

IONIC BONDS Occur when 1 or more e - are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another.Occur when 1 or more e - are TRANSFERRED from one atom to another. Losing an e - = POSITIVE charge. Na +Losing an e - = POSITIVE charge. Na + Gaining an e - = NEGATIVE charge Cl -Gaining an e - = NEGATIVE charge Cl - These newly charged atoms are now called IONSThese newly charged atoms are now called IONS

COVALENT BONDS Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms.Occur when electrons are SHARED by atoms. These new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULESThese new structures that result from covalent bonds are called MOLECULES SHARING IS CARING!

FORMULA Structural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bondedStructural Formula – Line drawings of the compound that shows the elements in proportion and how they are bonded Molecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compoundMolecular Formula – the ACTUAL formula for a compound C2H6OC2H6OC2H6OC2H6O

The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment.The cell is a COMPLEX CHEMICAL FACTORY containing some of the same elements found in the nonliving environment. carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentagescarbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) are present in the greatest percentagesCHON

TWO TYPES OF COMPOUNDS Organic Compounds- Contain C & HOrganic Compounds- Contain C & H –usually referred to as chemicals of life –Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids Inorganic CompoundsInorganic Compounds –usually "support" life –Water (H 2 O), Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )

1. CARBOHYDRATES Function: Living things use carbohydrates as their key source of ENERGY!Living things use carbohydrates as their key source of ENERGY! Plants use carbohydrates for supportPlants use carbohydrates for support –CELLULOSE – Cell Wall

CARBOHYDRATESStructure: Carbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenCarbohydrates (CHO) contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen H:O is 2:1 ratio… C 6 H 12 O 6H:O is 2:1 ratio… C 6 H 12 O 6

CARBOHYDRATES The building blocks of Carbohydrates are simple sugars! 3 Types: –Monosaccharides –Disaccharides –Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides (simple sugars) all have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6all have the formula C 6 H 12 O 6 all have a single ring structureall have a single ring structure –EX: Glucose

Disaccharides (double sugars) all have the formula C 12 H 22 O 11 Examples: sucrose (table sugar)sucrose (table sugar) maltosemaltose monomer

Polysaccharides Formed of 3 or more simple sugar units Examples: –Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles –Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls –Starches - used as energy storage monomer

Types of REACTIONS Synthesis Synthesis Digestion Digestion + +

Synthesis: Carbohydrate + Dehydration Synthesis

Digestion: Carbohydrates +Hydrolysis

CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES GLUCOSE MALTOSE STARCH GLYCOGEN CELLULOSE

2. Lipids (Fats) Types: Fats and Waxes – solids at room temperatureFats and Waxes – solids at room temperature Oils – liquids at room temperatureOils – liquids at room temperature Other types: Phospholipids, Steroids, Cholesterol, some Vitamins Fats -- found chiefly in animals Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants

Main Function: energy storage, protection, and insulation Other Functions: key components of cell membraneskey components of cell membranes Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterolSteroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

Lipids (Fats) Structure: Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygenContain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen But… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratioBut… the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio Tend to be large moleculesTend to be large molecules

Lipids (Fats) The building blocks of lipids are: 1.Fatty Acids 2.Glycerol

Dehydration Synthesis: Lipid +

Digestion / Hydrolysis: Lipid +

3. Proteins There are MANY functions of proteins… 1.Required for building and repair of body tissues 2.Structural Support: elastin, collagen, and keratin 3.Energy Source 4.Nutrient Transport: hemoglobin and cell membrane proteins 5.Hormones (coordinates bodily activities): insulin 6.Muscle Contractions (movement): actin and myosin 7.Antibodies (defense): Ig.E, IgA, and Ig.G 8.Enzymes (aid in chemical reactions): amylase and proteases

PROTEINS Structure: contain the elements C, H, O, and Ncontain the elements C, H, O, and N The building blocks of Proteins are Amino Acids There are 20 different varieties!!!

R GROUPS ARE GROUPS OF ATOMS THEY ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH AMINO ACID THIS CHANGES THE PROPERTIES OF THE PROTEIN! carboxylgroup aminogroup R group methyl group Amino Acids:

Dipeptide formed from 2 amino acids in aformed from 2 amino acids in a dehydration synthesis reaction amino acid + amino acid → dipeptide Dipeptide Example: Anserine = in skeletal muscle and brain of mammals, and birds. It is an antioxidant and helps reduce fatigue

Polypeptide - Proteins formed from 3 or more amino acids in aformed from 3 or more amino acids in a dehydration synthesis reaction Examples: insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes. Amino Acid

Digestion / Hydrolysis: Protein + AA

Polypeptides - Proteins There are an extremely large number of different proteins in life! Protein variety comes from: Differences in the number of amino acids in the chainDifferences in the number of amino acids in the chain Types of amino acids in the chainTypes of amino acids in the chain Arrangement of amino acids in the chainArrangement of amino acids in the chain

4. NUCLEOTIDES Function: Many Nucleotides make up DNA!Many Nucleotides make up DNA! DNA = genetic instructions that direct a cell's structure and function. The ribosomes are instructed (by DNA) on which types of protein a cell will make DNA is found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles)

NUCLEOTIDES Structure: THE BUIDLING BLOCKS OF DNA ARENUCLEOTIDES!

NUCLEOTIDES 1 Nucleotide consist of 3 parts: Sugar Phosphate Group Nitrogenous Base

Nitrogenous Bases in DNA come in 4 varieties! A G C T