H OW DNA W ORKS Cracking the Code

K EY VOCABULARY Protein A molecule that is made up of amino acids and is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate process in the body. RNA (ribonucleic acid) Another type of molecule that helps make proteins. Ribosome A cell organelle that helps to make proteins. Mutation A CHANGE in the nucleotide-base sequence of DNA. Amino Acids The molecules that are the building blocks of proteins, there are 20.

I NSULIN – A N EXAMPLE Insulin is a protein that you need everyday Proteins are made of amino acids strung together. There are 51 amino acids that make insulin

M AKING MORE DNA To copy DNA for mitosis and meosis you need A, T, G, C To make proteins that your body use daily you need. A, U, G, CU = Uracil RNA and mRNA Amino acids ribosomes

C HANGES IN DNA Read this sentence: “Put the book on the desk.” Change one letter in this sentence to make it change the meaning. “Put the book in the desk.” This is a “mutation”

M UTATIONS Read, page 217 Answer this question “Do mutations Matter?” Cause an improved trait No change Cause a harmful trait If mutation occurs in egg or sperm cells that mutation will be passed on.

S ICKLE C ELL ANEMIA – A N E XAMPLE What is the mutation that causes sickle cell? Only one base changed! T for A

L ET ’ S MAKE A PROTEIN Make a DNA strand using U instead of T. OLD: ATCGTGATGACA New: UAGCACUACUGU TranscriptionTranslation

T RANSLATION Take the new strands of mRNA and group them into codon triplets.

M UTATIONS Read, page 216 Answer “How do mutations happen?” 2 mins. Random errors when DNA is copied. Environmental damage, mutagens Energy from X-rays UV radiation Smoking Many more...

V IDEO N OTES Record three interesting notes from the video.