Energetics

Do Now-QUIZ on separate sheet of paper- do not talk or use notes Place your HW on your desk 1.Analyze why Carbon is unique 2.Define polymer 3.What is the monomer of proteins? 4.Analyze a disaccharide?

Carbon Properties Carbon has 4 valence electrons; therefore, Carbon can bond to 4 other elements Carbon also readily bonds to other C, forming chains and rings=variety of organic compounds

Carbon Bonding Organic compounds- C attached to H Inorganic compounds- typically do not have C, but if C, not attached to H

Carbon’s 4 valence electrons 8 valence electrons= stable C has 4 valence (outer) electrons, so C readily forms 4 covalent bonds with other elements Straight Chains, Branched Chains, Rings

Carbon forms single, double, triple bonds

Functional Groups Influence bonding properties and other properties of molecules. Hydroxyl -OH Carboxyl -COOH Amino –NH 2 Phosphate- POOOOHH

Large Carbon Molecules Start with: monomers Simple molecules Monomer+ monomer= polymer Repeated, linked units Large polymers= macromolecules

Monomers link to form polymers

Condensation Reactions When monomers link to form polymers, a H 2 O molecule is released Hydrolysis Reactions When polymers are broken down into monomers, H 2 O is added

Condensation: building polymers

Hydrolysis: breaking down polymers

Thinking Map Create a thinking map

Do Now Differentiate between condensation rxns and hydrolysis rxns Trace the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Macromolecules 1.Carbohydrates 2.Lipids/Fats 3.Proteins 4.Nucleic Acids Recall: Remember Dust Bowl article?

1. Carbs Monomer=saccharide Carbon Hydrogen and Oxygen 1C:2H:1O Energy or structure Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

A. Monosaccharides Simple sugar; monomer Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen 1:2:1 (CH 2 O) n n is 3-8 EX (CH 2 O) 6  C 6 H 12 O 6 Most common: glucose, fructose, galactose Glucose= energy for cells Fructose= in fruits; sweetest Galactose= in milk

Glucose, fructose, galactose C 6 H 12 O 6 Same chemical formula but different structure= isomers

B. Disaccharides Two monosaccharides combined through a condensation rxn “double sugar” Ex: fructose + glucose = sucrose mono + mono = di

C. Polysaccharides Complex 3 or more monosaccharides Ex: animals store glucose as glycogen (chains of glucose in muscles and liver)

Polysaccharides cont. Plants store glucose as STARCH Plants also have cellulose- strength and rigidity of plant cells

2. Proteins Made of CHON mostly Formed by linking amino acids Enzymes, hair, horns, skin, etc

Amino Acids 20 Structure: central C, carboxyl group (-COOH), amino group (-NH 2 ), side R-chain Main difference is in R group: shape

Amino acid

Amino Acid

Amino acid: note R group

Amino acids

Peptide Amino acid covalently bound to another amino acid

Polypeptide Long chain of amino acids protein

Polypeptide formation

Enzymes RNA or protein Biological catalysts- speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy

Enzyme-Substrate Complex 1.Enzyme fits like lock and key to substrate at enzyme’s active site 2.Enzyme changes shape so bonds in substrate are weakened 3.Enzyme releases products 4.Enzyme is unchanged and can be used over and over again Temp and pH can change enzyme shape and enzyme won’t fit on substrate  - no chemical rxn

3. Lipids Monomer=fatty acid Large, nonpolar, organic Include: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments

Fatty Acids Unbranched Carbon chains Have a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end COOH end is hydrophilic-attracted to water The Hydrocarbon end is nonpolar Hydrophobic “hates water”

Saturated VS Unsaturated

Triglycerides (fats) 3 fatty acids + glycerol

Fats Saturated High melting points Solid at room temp EX: butter, fats in red meat Unsaturated Soft at room temp Inside of seeds-energy and Carbon source for plant embryo (endosperm)

Phospholipids 2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol Head=glycerol= loves water Tails=fatty acids = hate water Make up cell membrane: lipid bilayer

Phospolipids

Wax Long fatty acid chain + long alcohol chain Waterproof Ex: cuticle; earwax

Steroids Hormones testosterone Cholesterol

4. Nucleic Acids Store and transport information in the cell. Monomer=nucleotides Phosphate group, 5-C sugar, ring-shaped Nitrogenous base 2 types DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA Ribonucleic acid

Phosphate group, 5-C sugar, ring-shaped Nitrogenous base

Nucleotide

DNA Determines characteristics of organisms and directs cell functions

RNA Stores and transfers information from DNA which is essential to making proteins

Thinking Map Create a thinking map of the 4 macromolecules and their subsets