Chromosome Front of card Back of card Coiled up DNA

Chromatin Front of card Back of card Uncoiled DNA. Present in interphase.

Centromere Front of card Back of card Centre of chromosome. Joins it to spindle fibre. centromere

Autosome Front of card Back of card Chromosomes # (Not sex chromosomes)

Sex chromosomes Front of card Back of card Chromosome #23. Females = XX Males = XY

Homologous Chromosomes Front of card Back of card Carry the same genes at the same locus (location). Ex. Chromosome 1 and Chromosome 1

Gene Front of card Back of card Segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

Allele Front of card Back of card Different form of the same gene.

Diploid Front of card Back of card 2n = number of chromosomes in body cells. humans = 46

Haploid Front of card Back of card n = number of chromosomes in gametes (sperm and eggs) humans = 23

Somatic Front of card Back of card body

Polyploidy Front of card Back of card Having greater than 2n chromosomes. (in plants)

Chromatid Front of card Back of card Half of a replicated chromosome. chromatids

Replicated chromosome Front of card Back of card Chromosome after DNA synthesis.

Mitosis Front of card Back of card Cell division for growth, repair or maintenance. Occurs in somatic cells. PMAT

Meiosis Front of card Back of card Cell division for gamete production (sperm and eggs). Happens in gonads (ovaries and testes). IPMATPMAT

Cell Cycle Front of card Back of card 1.Interphase (G1, S, G2) 2.Mitosis (PMAT) 3.Cytokinesis (cell division) Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

Interphase Front of card Back of card DNA is chromatin G1- growth/protein synthesis S- DNA replication G2- growth/protein synthesis

Prophase Front of card Back of card Chromatin coils up into chromosomes. Centrioles move to poles. Spindle fibres and asters form.

Metaphase Front of card Back of card Chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate. MIDDLE

Anaphase Front of card Back of card APART! Centromeres divide.

Telophase Front of card Back of card Cleavage furrow forms.

Cytokinesis Front of card Back of card Cell divides into two. Cell plate forms in plant cells.

Cancer cells Front of card Back of card Keep reproducing. Can move and grow in another part of the body – metastasis. Don’t specialize

Metastasis Front of card Back of card Cancer cells move to other parts of the body and grow.

Cloning Front of card Back of card Producing identical offspring from a single parent cell. Asexual reproduction.

Cloning Steps Front of card Back of card 1.Remove nucleus from egg (enucleated ) 2.Obtain DNA from donor and put into egg 3.Apply electric shock 4.Embryo develops in vitro 5.Blastula stage inserted into surrogate 6.Identical sheep is formed.

Sexual Reproduction Front of card Back of card Requires male and female gametes. Variation.

Asexual Reproduction Front of card Back of card One parent only. (cloning) Mitosis. Parthenogenesis in reptiles.

Identical Twins Front of card Back of card Clones. Same DNA. One sperm and one egg.

Fraternal Twins Front of card Back of card Not clones. Two sperm and two eggs.

Totipotent Front of card Back of card Stem cells that can form a new organism.

Stem cells Front of card Back of card Cells capable of becoming many different cells. Used to repair damaged tissue.

Gametes Front of card Back of card Sperm or eggs. Created by meiosis. Haploid (n)

Synapsis Front of card Back of card Homologous chromosomes pair up (snap together) in Prophase I to form a tetrad (4 chromatids).

Crossing over Front of card Back of card Homologous chromosomes may exchange genetic material. Prophase I. Occurs more often in genes that are further apart.

Segregation Front of card Back of card 2 homologous chromosomes separate during Anaphase I.

Interphase I Front of card Back of card G1 – growth, protein synthesis S - DNA replicates G2 – growth, protein synthesis

Prophase I Front of card Back of card Synapsis – homologous chromosomes (tetrads) pair up. Crossing over may occur – exchange of genetic material.

Metaphase I Front of card Back of card Homologous pairs line up in the middle on the metaphase plate.

Anaphase I Front of card Back of card Segregation - Homologous pairs separate to opposite poles.

Telophase I Front of card Back of card Cleavage furrow. Replicated chromosomes reach the poles.

Prophase II Front of card Back of card Chromosomes can be seen. Cells are haploid (n).

Metaphase II Front of card Back of card Chromosomes line up in the middle

Anaphase II Front of card Back of card Centromeres split. Single chromosomes move apart.

Telophase II Front of card Back of card Cleavage furrow.

Gametogenesis Front of card Back of card Creation of sperm and eggs.

Spermatogenesis Front of card Back of card Meiosis in testes to create sperm.

Oogenesis Front of card Back of card Meiosis in ovaries to create an egg(ovum).

Fertilization Front of card Back of card When a sperm enters an egg. It doubles the chromosome number. Ex. In humans: Sperm (23) + egg (23) = zygote (46 chromosomes) OR n + n = 2n

Zygote Front of card Back of card sperm + egg 2n

Sources of variation Front of card Back of card 1.Gamete success 2.Crossing over 3.Independent Assortment

Independent Assortment Front of card Back of card The way the homologous pairs line up in Metaphase I is RANDOM!

DNA Front of card Back of card DeoxyriboNucleic Acid It is universal – genetic code for ALL living things. Codes for proteins.

Location of DNA Front of card Back of card 1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria (mtDNA)- from your mother. 3. Chloroplast

Franklin Front of card Back of card Found that DNA is a helix, it is double stranded and the distance between DNA strands is constant.

Watson and Crick Front of card Back of card Found the 3-D structure of DNA

DNA Structure Front of card Back of card 2 complementary strands (double helix) Backbone - deoxyribose sugar and phosphates Rungs - nitrogen bases (ATCG) Hydrogen bonds

Nucleotide Front of card Back of card

DNA picture Front of card Back of card

Semiconservative Replication Front of card Back of card New DNA is made up of 1 parent strand and 1 daughter strand.

Steps of DNA Replication Front of card Back of card 1.DNA untwists (helicase) 2.DNA unzips (helicase) 3.New nucleotides join (polymerase) 4.Sugar and phosphate molecules join to make 2 new strands of DNA

Human Genome Project Front of card Back of card Coded all the genes in human DNA. Pros – treat disorders Cons – possible geneism

RNA Front of card Back of card Single stranded. Ribose sugar C, G, A and U. 3 types: mRNA – copies DNA rRNA – make up ribosomes tRNA- carry amino acids to ribosome

Protein Synthesis Front of card Back of card Transcription (nucleus) – mRNA copies code from DNA and carries it to ribosome Translation (ribosome) – tRNA carries amino acids to ribosome for assembly Happens during G1 and G2

Transcription Front of card Back of card mRNA copies code from DNA and carries it to the ribosome

Translation Front of card Back of card tRNA brings amino acids to mRNA on the ribosome to make amino acid chain.

Triplet Front of card Back of card Set of 3 nitrogen bases on DNA that codes for one amino acid.

Codon Front of card Back of card Set of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA that codes for one amino acid. (LOOK UP on table)

Anticodon Front of card Back of card Set of 3 nitrogen bases on tRNA

Peptide bond Front of card Back of card Connects amino acids

Polypeptide Front of card Back of card Amino acid chain. Made during protein synthesis

Genetic Engineering Front of card Back of card Building new DNA by combining DNA from 2 organisms. Also called recombinant DNA technology.

Recombinant DNA Front of card Back of card 1.Cut open plasmid using restriction enzyme (R.E.) 2.Cut out required gene with same R.E. 3.Combine DNAs 4.Add ligase to glue together 5.Put new plasmid into E.coli to replicate 6.Obtain desired product (insulin)

Restriction Enzyme Front of card Back of card Scissors

Ligase Front of card Back of card Enzyme that glues

Plasmid Front of card Back of card Ring of DNA found in E. coli. Used for recombinant DNA technology.

Gel Electrophoresis Front of card Back of card Separate segments of DNA. 1.Ethanol added to cells 2.DNA spooled onto glass rod 3.R.E. used to cut DNA 4.DNA loaded into wells on Electrophoresis plate 5.Current applied Longer fragments move less. Shorter fragments move further.

DNA Fingerprinting Front of card Back of card Uses Gel electrophoresis to compare DNA of different individuals.

Mutations Front of card Back of card Changes in DNA 2 types: Chromosomal and point

Mutagenic Agents Front of card Back of card Cause mutations. - Radiation or chemicals

Chromosomal Mutations Front of card Back of card Changes in structure or number of chromosomes Ex. Down’s syndrome (3 of chromosome #21)

Karyotyping Front of card Back of card Pair chromosomes. according to size, banding pattern and centromere position. Used to detect chromosomal abnormalities. Use cells from metaphase.

Ultrasound Front of card Back of card Can view internal organs/ fetus.

Amniocentesis Front of card Back of card Using a needle to withdraw amniotic fluid from around the fetus to analyze. Used for a karyotype or gel electrophoresis.

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) Front of card Back of card Draw cells from outer membrane(chorion) of embryo. Can be used at 8 weeks.

Nondisjunction Front of card Back of card Chromosomes do not divide during Anaphase I – all 4 gametes are affected. or chromatids do not divide in Anaphase II – 2 gametes are fine, 2 gametes are affected.

Trisomy Front of card Back of card Having 3 homologous chromosomes. Example: Trisomy 21 is Down’s Syndrome. Klinefelter’s syndrome: XXY

Monosomy Front of card Back of card A single chromosome in place of a homologous pair. Example: Turner’s syndrome is monosomy #23. (XO) Person is female with one “X”.

Point Mutations Front of card Back of card A change in 1-3 bases on the DNA strand. Happens during DNA replication. 2 Types: Substitution and Frameshift

Substitution Mutations Front of card Back of card 1 or 2 bases have been substituted on the DNA strand. Only affects 1 triplet.

Frameshift Mutations Front of card Back of card Affects all triplets after point of mutation. Deletion – 1 base is deleted Addition – 1 base is added

Societal issues Front of card Back of card are matters which directly or indirectly affect a person or many members of a society.

Cultural Perspective Front of card Back of card relates to behaviours, beliefs, and other aspects characteristic of a particular group of people defined by the context.

Economical issues Front of card Back of card matters which involve a financial cost.

Ecological issues Front of card Back of card Related to the effects of technologies on organisms and their environment.

Ethical issues Front of card Back of card Values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions.