Terminology of Neoplasms and Tumors  Neoplasm - new growth  Tumor - swelling or neoplasm  Leukemia - malignant disease of bone marrow  Hematoma - bruise or contusion 2

Classification of Neoplasms  Cancer - general term for malignant tumor or neoplasm  Classified according to: Appearance and growth pattern Type of body tissue from which they arise 3

Classification of Neoplasms  Classification of tumors: Benign - confined to local area Malignant - spreads to other areas Carcinoma - largest group of malignancy Lymphoma - malignant neoplasms of blood- forming organs and lymphatic tissues 4

Classification of Neoplasms  Classification of tumors: Sarcoma - neoplasms of connective tissue Melanoma - malignant neoplasm of melanocytes Glioma - tumors of glial cells of brain 5

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms  Benign tumors Growth in a particular area but not invasive or metastatic Encapsulated in a capsule Easier to excise Limited growth potential 6

Benign and Malignant Neoplasms  Malignant tumors Without structure or function of normal cells Surface area is not encapsulated 7

Treatment  Treatment Options: Preventive - prevent disease from starting Palliative - preventing pain and discomfort but does not seek to cure the disease 8

Hyperplasias and Neoplasms  Hyperplasia and Neoplasms Both mean overgrowth of cells causing increase in size of tissue Both produce masses identified as hyperplasia or neoplasm Hyperplasias and neoplasms differ in the cause and extent of their growth 9

Development of Malignant Neoplasm  Genetic mutation due to: Radiation Viruses Carcinogens – cancer-causing agent Chemicals 10

Development of Malignant Neoplasm  Carcinoma in Situ - atypical cells in epithelial layer of tissue; have not invaded surrounding tissue  Invasion of precancerous cells - final stage of cancer development 11

Invasion and Metastasis of Cancer  Carcinomas and epithelial tissue neoplasms commonly spread  Lymph nodes filter cancer cells  Absence of lymph node involvement is favorable, making surgical cure possible  Sarcomas shed cells into bloodstream 12

Grading and Staging of Cancer  Grading determines degree of abnormality  Staging considers degree of spread 13

Causes of Cancer  Cause is unknown  Carcinogenesis progresses slowly; may start, stop, or be reversed  Usually there is continual progression  Prevention and cure of cancer depend on finding initiating agents 14

Causes of Cancer  Chemical carcinogens  Hormones  Radiation  Viruses  Genetic predisposition 15

Causes of Cancer  Personal risk behaviors  Diet  Sexual behavior  Alcohol use 16

Cancer Prevention  Preventive measures: Do not smoke Limit alcohol intake Protect skin from excessive sun exposure Hormone therapy only as long as necessary 17

Cancer Prevention  Preventive measures: Avoid heavily polluted air, household solvents, and paint thinners Monitor calorie intake and exercise 18

Cancer Prevention  Monthly breast examinations  Monthly testicle examinations  Regular checkups Pap smears for women Prostate exams for men Rectal examination for men and women 19

Frequency of Cancer  Second leading cause of death in United States  One in two men/one in three women  Cancer affects people of all ages, both male and female  Most common is basal and squamous cell skin cancer 20

Frequency of Cancer  Most common types of cancer (excluding skin cancer): Lung Colon Breast Uterus Prostate 21

Diagnosis of Cancer  Prognosis is best if treated early  Routine screening is helpful  May also be found accidentally  Once discovered, biopsy is recommended 22

Signs and Symptoms of Cancer  Pain  Obstruction  Hemorrhage and anemia  Fracture  Infection  Cachexia 23

Cancer Treatment  Surgery  Chemotherapy  Radiation 24