FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008

Almost Conclusive Report of FP6 Activities with elements of Future dreams for FP7 Almost Conclusive Report of FP6 Activities with elements of Future dreams for FP

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Who we were/are JRA-6 Concerned VPHGs The following Contractors Contributed: ESO IAC INAF-Brera Politecnico di Milano Universitè de Liege ATHOL The following Contractors Contributed: ESO IAC INAF-Brera Politecnico di Milano Universitè de Liege ATHOL Purpose of the JRA-6 was to enhance the applicability of VPHGs in Astronomical Instrumentation

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 IR VPHGs: Enable VPHGs technology in the NIR (1-2.5 microns) regime in cryogenic instruments. Selected Areas of research UV VPHGs: Enable VPHGs technology in the UV ( nm) regime with particular attention to cross dispersers. DCG Replacement: Look for a replacement of the DCG as photosensitive element. Non-traditional Configurations: Enhance the applicability of “traditional” VPHGs.

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Preparatory Study Prototype Fabrication Prototype Characterization Final Device Fabrication Final Device Characterization Preparatory Study Prototype Fabrication Prototype Characterization Final Device Fabrication Final Device Characterization Original Work Plan In Practice Prototypes proved already science grade - Research Lines arrived to a show-stopper - Skip the prototype phase to concentrate on final - More interesting to have another prototype than a second better quality device - etc. - Prototypes proved already science grade - Research Lines arrived to a show-stopper - Skip the prototype phase to concentrate on final - More interesting to have another prototype than a second better quality device - etc. -

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Milestones

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 WP 2 - IR VPHGs Francisco Garzon Lopez - IAC

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 First Set of Prototype

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Transmission

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Wavefront

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Cryo-measurements

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Scientific VPHGs IR-H Line density: 683 lp/mm Operating range: nm Efficiency: >70% at 1500 nm >90% at 1650 nm >70% at 1800 nm AR Coatings: 0.5% of reflectivity from 1400 to 1800 nm Wavefront error: λ/4 at 632nm Scientific VPHGs IR-H Line density: 683 lp/mm Operating range: nm Efficiency: >70% at 1500 nm >90% at 1650 nm >70% at 1800 nm AR Coatings: 0.5% of reflectivity from 1400 to 1800 nm Wavefront error: λ/4 at 632nm Scientific VPHGs IR-K Line density: 486 lp/mm Operating range: nm Efficiency: >70% at 2000 nm >90% at 2200 nm >70% at 2400 nm AR Coatings: 0.5% of reflectivity from 2000 to 2400 nm Wavefront error: λ/4 at 632nm Scientific VPHGs IR-K Line density: 486 lp/mm Operating range: nm Efficiency: >70% at 2000 nm >90% at 2200 nm >70% at 2400 nm AR Coatings: 0.5% of reflectivity from 2000 to 2400 nm Wavefront error: λ/4 at 632nm Science Grade Devices Substrate material: Fused silica Herasil 102. Substrate dimensions: Ø 135mm thickness 12 mm Clear aperture: Ø 125 mm Substrate material: Fused silica Herasil 102. Substrate dimensions: Ø 135mm thickness 12 mm Clear aperture: Ø 125 mm

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Substrates Purchased and delivered to ATHOL waiting for DCG Coating and Exposure. Substrates Purchased and delivered to ATHOL waiting for DCG Coating and Exposure. A Key Person at ATHOL left the company and moved to US He was the one knowing how to operate the coating Machine He was the one with the “best touch” in DCG Chemical post- processing Then What ? BUT ATHOL CEO is the guru of Holography but not as much skilled in pre and post processing the films.

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 ATHOL claims (Oct. 2008) to have developed improved solutions for coating and post-processing. Then What 2 ? They refuse to disclose any details about the new processes calling for proprietary rights (they have not used OPTICON Money....) We have been able to see little samples but confidentially know of great delays in delivery of science devices to customers (ESO, etc.) They insist they will deliver OPTICON prototypes by early Dec Little time for testing but..... we will see There will be consequences in the role of ATHOL in the FP7 program (see later slides)

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Insausti et al - SPIE 7018 Performances of NIR VPHGs at cryogenic temperatures Dissemination

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 WP 5 - UV VPHGs Hans Dekker - ESO

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 First Set of Prototype

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Transmission Important improvement with respect to traditional gratings But still drops at UV Wavelength This is due to DCG and there is nothing we can do about except replace DCG with something else

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Wavefront

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Cross-Disperser Shared between WP3 and WP 5 Shared between WP3 and WP 5

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Transmission Good handling of the transmitted zero-th order multi-pass enhances the drop in the UV even below the traditional solution Need a replacement for DCG

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The low efficiency at UV wavelength depends on the physical properties of DCG Final Science Grade Device ? There won’t be “another” set of final devices... The low efficiency at UV wavelength make the all business less attractive. Prompt to put much effort on DCG replacement. Moves the issue to WP4 (Polymers - see next slides).....and to FP7....

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 WP 4 - Polymers VPHGs Andrea Bianco - INAF Chiara Bertarelli - POLIMI Andrea Bianco - INAF Chiara Bertarelli - POLIMI

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 A photochromic based VPHG A prototype was obtained earlier by replication of a ronchi grating Just to understand if the whole thing was doable

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The trick is as usual the modulation of the refraction index and the thickness of the material You need a material with a refraction index modulation that allows filming in the required thickness You need a material with good filming properties that provides the required index modulation Although the “balance” between the two depends on the needs of your application. A “serious”photochromic based VPHG

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 d and Delta-n

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Photochromic Materials The Chemical Substitutes B and B1 allow to tailor the chemical/physical properties of the material Tailor B and B1 toward a good compromise between refraction index contrast and filming capabilities

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Photochromic Polyester Polymeric - No matrix needed High content of “active material (big change of properties) Good transparency in IR No Absorption No Scattering Polymeric - No matrix needed High content of “active material (big change of properties) Good transparency in IR No Absorption No Scattering

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Large Delta-n in NIR which allows large modulations nm (up to 0.08) BUT.... Maximum film thickness 5 um Delta-n and Thickness

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Polyurethane Coating Photochromic moiety up to 50% Polymerization after deposition Possibility to make multiple layers structure Polyurethane Coating Photochromic moiety up to 50% Polymerization after deposition Possibility to make multiple layers structure Each Stem 5-7 um thickness Easy to make 3-4 steps It is possible to cement or cover with oil to match with glass. Each Stem 5-7 um thickness Easy to make 3-4 steps It is possible to cement or cover with oil to match with glass. Photochromic Polyurethane

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Good Transparency of the film on glass substrates Large and constant amplitude of the interference fringes confirms the good quality of the film Transparency and film quality

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 No difference in curve shape compared to Polyester but smaller refractive index. Consequently smaller refractive index difference (0..01 to 0.036) BUT ENOUGH TO CONCEIVE A VPHG !!!!!!! Consequently smaller refractive index difference (0..01 to 0.036) BUT ENOUGH TO CONCEIVE A VPHG !!!!!!! Delta-n and Thickness

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Photochromic substrates (10 – 15 μm) have been initialized by exposure to UV light. The substrate has then been placed in a holographic set-up CSL/Athol, Liege) with a Ar+ laser (488 nm) providing 750 l/mm From sensitivity measurements, a power of 40 mW/cm 2 is known to be needed to write the gratings in a reasonable time. The material must absorb the laser radiation in order to be converted. The laser frequency is important. VPHG production

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The film has been exposed for 230 s..... after which.... The transmission spectrum in VIS changed..... proving the transition had occurred Line pattern effectively “printed” in the substrate, as seen at the optical microscope. The Outcome

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 BUT IT WORKS now it needs “debugging” BUT IT WORKS now it needs “debugging” Efficiency in the first order at an incidence angle of 14 deg Efficiency in the first order at an incidence angle of 14 deg Efficiency

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Superblaze We are on the tale of the superblaze of a grating blazed at UV-VIS Wl !! Model tells us we are looking at a Delta-n=0.01, d=3um grating NOT at the Delta-n=0.03 d=10 um grating we were expecting to WHY ?

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The Laser Problem The 488 nm laser (the only available at ATHOL setup is on the tale of Photocromic transition wavelength distribution It Converts only “some” Material Simulation of the conversion on the surface as function of time and absorbtion Both effective thickness and contrast are affected Countermeasures ? We purchased a 532 nm laser

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Dissemination Bianco et al - SPIE 7018 Rewriteable VPHGs based on Photochromic Material

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 WP 3- Non Traditional... Emilio Molinari - INAF

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The SuperBlaze Explorer Measured superblaze of the 660 l/mm d.o.lo.re.s VPHG Range of incidence angles providing acceptable Efficiency

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Pointed Idea Conceived for straight- through FOCS, e.g. FORS, d.o.lo.re.s, etc. A system that allows straight-through imaging And tunable incidence angle on a VPHG

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Detailed Design

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Procurement and assembly

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Test.... If yu see Giorgio the stright-through imaging mode works If yu see Giorgio the stright-through imaging mode works

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Molinari et al - SPIE 7018 VPHGs Tunes Dissemination

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Promises versus deliverables WP2 promised a) A fully cryogenic Characterization of VPHGs at IR wl b) A Science grade set of devices (tender to EMIR) WP2 promised a) A fully cryogenic Characterization of VPHGs at IR wl b) A Science grade set of devices (tender to EMIR) WP3 promised a) A fully functional representative non-traditional configuration WP3 promised a) A fully functional representative non-traditional configuration WP4 promised a) The first ever made photochromic VPHG WP4 promised a) The first ever made photochromic VPHG WP5 promised a) Science Grade UV enhances VPHGs WP5 promised a) Science Grade UV enhances VPHGs a) fully achieve, b) depends on development at ATHOL a) Will be there in the next weeks a) Gone further. VPHG made and improving ongoing a) Done - to the point physics allows us

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 The show must The show must can (!) go on can (!) go on

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Who in FP7 WP6 is dedicated to new Materials and Processes for Astronomical Instrumentation The following Contractors will Contribute IAC INAF-Brera INAF-Padova Politecnico di Milano And the following pre-screened sub-con. ESO (ATHOL) Intercast Solvay Solexis The following Contractors will Contribute IAC INAF-Brera INAF-Padova Politecnico di Milano And the following pre-screened sub-con. ESO (ATHOL) Intercast Solvay Solexis Purpose of the WP6 is to explore the porting of some (a few) new materials and processes into Astronomical Instrumentation LAM INAF-IASF Milano Universitè de Liege INTA LAM INAF-IASF Milano Universitè de Liege INTA Institut Fresnel Rial Vacuum Astelco Institut Fresnel Rial Vacuum Astelco

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Selected Areas of research WP 6.1 Management 570 k€ k€ from EC 570 k€ k€ from EC WP6.2 Novel VPHG based devices (F.Garzon IAC) ✓ Slanted Fringes devices - Anamorphism -CODEX ✓ Echellettes - Open the higher resolution regime ✓ Piled Devices - Post-process the zeroth order light WP6.2 Novel VPHG based devices (F.Garzon IAC) ✓ Slanted Fringes devices - Anamorphism -CODEX ✓ Echellettes - Open the higher resolution regime ✓ Piled Devices - Post-process the zeroth order light WP 6.3 Photochromic and photosensitive materials and associated devices (A.Bianco POLIMI) ✓ DCG Replacement - Self explanatory ✓ Photochromic based devices - solid optics, waveguides WP 6.3 Photochromic and photosensitive materials and associated devices (A.Bianco POLIMI) ✓ DCG Replacement - Self explanatory ✓ Photochromic based devices - solid optics, waveguides WP6.4 New Materials and processes for fabrication of traditional optics. (F.Bortoletto, INAF) ✓ Polymer lenses and mirrors - Weight reduction, specific performances, series production ✓ Complex Shape Optical Devices - Easier to manufacture free-form WP6.4 New Materials and processes for fabrication of traditional optics. (F.Bortoletto, INAF) ✓ Polymer lenses and mirrors - Weight reduction, specific performances, series production ✓ Complex Shape Optical Devices - Easier to manufacture free-form

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Highlights.....

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Solvay Solexis

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Transmission

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Applications 193 nm 193 nm !!

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Intercast Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) in CR39 Eye Glasses fabrication Consumer Optics Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) in CR39 Eye Glasses fabrication Consumer Optics Tried with them the doping of CR39 with photochromic polymer..... it works “Solid” applications - waveguides, photochromic lenses, etc.

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 MOS-Masks

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Precise writing in PCP CGH 8mm 5 um resolution

FMZ - Porto - Nov 11, 2008 Thanks