Typical mixing ratios for some compounds of environmental importance.

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Presentation transcript:

Typical mixing ratios for some compounds of environmental importance

Atmospheric structure

atmospheric pressure The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by the overhead atmosphere on a unit area of surface AB h vacuum Mercury barometer

Units for pressure International System of Units: Pascal (N/m 2 ) Hectopascal (hPa) mm Hg or Torr Millibar (mbar) psi (lb/in 2 ) 1 atm = x 10 5 Pascal (Pa) = x 10 3 hPa 1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 Torr 1 atm = mbar 1 atm = psi

The ozone layer

Ultraviolet protection by ozone Ozone absorbs UV light in the solar irradiation that is harmful to life

Amount of UV Radiation That Reaches Earth’s Surface

Ozone formation and destruction in the stratosphere

The major natural carrier of chlorine to the stratosphere is CH 3 Cl CF 2 Cl 2  2 Cl. + other products CFCl 3  3 Cl. + other products

The Montreal Protocol

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion Measurement Techniques

TOMS-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer

Polar vortex

ONE-BOX MODEL

CO formation from methane oxidation

Sulfur gases H 2 S Hydrogen sulfide (CH 3 ) 2 S Dimethylsulfide (DMS) CS 2 Carbon disulfide COS Carbonyl sulfide SO 2 Sulfur dioxide H 2 SO 4 Sulfuric acid SO 4 2- Sulfate Decreasing oxidation number (reduction reactions) Increasing oxidation number (atmospheric oxidation)

The sulfur cycle Sources of SO 2 : Natural ~42 Tg(S) Anthropogenic ~78 Tg (S)

Necessary ingredients for ozone formation CH 4 +. OH + O 2  CH 3 OO. + H 2 O CH 3 OO. + NO  CH 3 O. + NO 2 CH 3 O. + O 2  HCHO + HO 2. HO 2. + NO . OH + NO 2 NO 2 + h  NO + O (2x) O + O 2 + M  O3 + M (2x) Net: CH O 2  HCHO + H 2 O + 2 O 3 VOC Sunlight

Photochemical air pollution 1

Greenhouse Glass, the material that greenhouse is made of, 1) transmit short-wavelength visible light, 2) absorbs and redirects the longer wavelengths of energy. These two aspects make the greenhouse warmer than outside air temperature.

Natural Greenhouse effect The natural greenhouse effect causes the mean temperature of the Earth's surface to be about 33 o C warmer than it would be if natural greenhouse gases were not present.

Enhanced greenhouse effect When concentrations of greenhouse gases increase, more infrared radiation is returned toward the earth and the surface temperature rises.