Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology Thomas Prevenslik QED Radiations Discovery Bay, Hong Kong Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Classical physics assumes the atom always has heat capacity, but QM requires the heat capacity to vanish at the nanoscale QM = quantum mechanics Unphysical results with Classical Physics Nanofluids violate mixing rules Thermal conductivity of thin films depends on thickness Nanostructures do not charge The Universe is expanding Nanoparticles do not damage DNA Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures And on and on Background Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

QM Consequences Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Without heat capacity, the atom cannot conserve EM energy by the usual increase in temperature. Conservation proceeds by the creation of QED induced non-thermal EM radiation that charges the nanostructure or is lost to the surroundings QED = quantum electrodynamics EM = electromagnetic. Fourier’s law that depends on temperature changes is not applicable at the nanoscale 3

Advantages of QM Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Unphysical interpretations of the nanoscale are avoided Nanofluids obey mixing rules Thermal conductivity of thin films remains at bulk Nanostructures create charge or emit EM radiation The Universe is not expanding Nanoparticles damage DNA Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures Nanocomposites cross-link by EUV radiation And on and on 4

QM at the Macroscale Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Applying a nano coating on macrostructures avoids natural convection and conserves heat by emission of QED radiation instead of temperature increases Suggesting: QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer? ( 3 modes known: Conduction, Radiation, Convection) Turbine blade cooling Cooling of Conventional Electronics Moore’s law and 13.5 nm Lithography Drinking water Purification 5

4 th Mode of Heat Transfer Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 QED radiation NanoCoating avoids natural convection and conserves Joule heat by QED radiation instead of temperature increase Joule heat Conventional Electronics Coating Natural convection 6

Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Theory Heat Capacity of the Atom TIR Confinement QED Heat Transfer QED Emission Spectrum 7

Heat Capacity of the Atom NEMS Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 In MEMS, atoms have heat capacity, but not in NEMS MEMS kT eV Classical Physics QM 8

Since the RI of coating > electronics, the QED radiation is confined by TIR Circuit elements ( films, wires, etc) have high surface to volume ratio, but why important? The EM energy absorbed in the surface of circuit elements provides the TIR confinement of QED radiation. QED radiation is spontaneously created from Joule heat dissipated in nanoelectronics. f = (c/n) / and E = hf TIR Confinement Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 For thin film of thickness d, = 2d For NPs of diameter D, =  D 9

QED Heat Transfer Excitons Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Phonons Qcond Charge QED Radiation 10

QED Emission Spectrum Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 QED radiation emission in VIS and UV radiation 11

Applications Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Thin Films QED Heat Transfer Electronics Circuit Design Nanocomposites EUV Lithography Validity of Molecular Dynamics Nanochannels Expanding Universe 12

Thin Films Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Thermal Conductivity Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 The reduced thermal conductivity of thin films has been known for over 50 years. Today, the BTE derives the steady state thickness dependent conductivity of thin films. BTE = Boltzmann transport equation. But the BTE solutions show reduced conductivity only because QED radiation loss is not included in heat balance. If the QED loss is included, no reduction in conductivity The conductivity remains at bulk. 14

QED Heat Transfer Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

QED v. Natural Convection Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Electronics Design Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Electronics Design Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Optimum Design 0.05 < d < 20 microns Fourier equation and BTE invalid  Use QED heat transfer Optimum No 1/f Noise No Hot Spots 1/f Noise No Hot Spots NEMS Silicon E > 3 eV Charged atoms 18

Optimum NEMS/MEMS electronics circuit element occurs with 0.05 to 20 micron thick printed circuits. No hot spots or 1/f noise Design electronic circuits using QED QED supersedes natural convection, but requires nanoscale coatings on heat transfer surfaces Optimum Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Nanocomposites Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Mechanical Properties Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Nano Composites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties. The NPs are thought to enhance the polymer properties by forming an interphase adjacent the NP. But the mechanism is not well understood. 21

Interphase Dilemma Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Rationally, the design of nanocomposites cannot proceed without knowing the interphase properties Stress-strain curves are required, but tensile tests are not possible because the interphase is nanoscopic. Currently, MD has been proposed to derive the properties of the interphase. But MD simulations based on Lennard-Jones or even ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate the stress-strain curve of the interphase, if unknown 22

Design of Nano Technology? Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 The interphase dilemma is similar to the difficulty in the rational design throughout nanotechnology Solution Experimental characterization. (Build and test, forget computer simulations) Hand wave classical physics to obtain unphysical explanations 23

RVE Characterization? Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 In nanocomposite design, assume a stress-strain curve for the interphase and use the RVE procedure in 3D FEA with ANSYS and COMSOL. RVE stands for representative volume element. The FEA should simulate the experimental test of the nano-composite design application. Iterate on the assumed stress-strain curve until the true stress-strain curve is found upon convergence. But the RVE approach is meaningless, as the experiment already verifies if the nanocomposite design is acceptable. Need experimental stress-strain curve 24

Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Radical polymerization may be dismissed as enhancements are observed without photo initiators. UV induced cross-linking may be dismissed as nanocomposite properties are enhanced even if the polymer is known not to exhibit UV cross-linking. Only if EUV radiation is used do ALL polymers cross-link. EUV stands for extreme ultraviolet. Enhanced properties of nanocomposites are therefore caused by the EUV cross-linking of the polymer. What is the source of EUV? QED Induced Radiation Cross-linking Mechanism 25

Characterization Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Prepare polymer tensile specimens, say < 1 mm diameter wires or 3 micron thick flat geometries from the natural polymer. Determine the wavelength of the EUV emission expected from the NPs based on their diameter and RI. 26

EUV Source Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Table-top EUV sources have recently been developed similar to that used in EUV lithography. But QED induced EUV provides a far simpler way of irradiating the tensile specimens Tensile Specimen EUV Coating Vacuum chamber Tensile specimen Coating

EUV Source Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Electrical current is passed through the housing by applying voltage in short pulses. Joule heat is produced, but the temperature in the coating does not increase because of QM. Instead, QED creates EUV to irradiate the tensile specimen. The wavelength of the EUV is given by = 2 nd. For zinc oxide having n = 2 and taking d = 10 nm, QED creates 40 nm EUV. 28

EUV Fluence from NPs Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 The NPs emit a EUV fluence F, F = 1.5 NkT / A where N is the number of atoms in the NP, d is the atom diameter; and A is the NP surface N = (D/d)³ and A =  D². At 300 K, the carbon atom d = nm gives the steady EUV fluence F = 0.82 mJ/cm². During thermal processing at temperatures T ~ 500 K, F exceeds 2 mJ/cm². EUV Lithography 1-10 mJ/cm². 29

EUV Lithography Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Moore’s law Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, EUV lithography with light at 13.5 nm is planned in the next generation of computer chips. However, difficulty in producing the EUV light source is questioning whether extending Moore’'s law is possible The difficulty in extending Moore’s law may be traced back to classical physics that requires EUV light to be created upon the ionization of atoms in high temperature plasmas. Nevertheless, LPP have evolved as the primary source of EUV light in 13.5 nm lithography. LPP = laser produced plasmas

LPP Lithography Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, LPP systems for 13.5 nm computer chips are very expensive costing as much as USD 120 million. The LPP plasma requires high energy 20 kW CO 2 lasers to vaporize tin and lithium targets. Collector mirrors require a multilayer coating to reflect the largest amount of 13.5 nm EUV light. Periodic heating of mirrors at 400 C is required to evaporate tin and lithium debris in order to maintain the reflectivity and enable long lifetimes.

LPP Light Sources Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, The LPP light sources use high power CO2 lasers to heat solid tin and gaseous helium targets, the plasmas of which produce the EUV light by atomic emission. EUV light is collected and focused by an elliptical mirror that delivers the focused EUV light to the silicon wafer

EUV by QED Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, A heater is provided on the back surface, the heat flowing through the lens thickness into the coating is converted by QED into EUV light that is focused on the wafer. For zinc oxide n ~ 2, and d < 5 nm, the EUV < 20 nm Back Surface Heater Nano Coating Focal Point Spherical Lens EUV The EUV by QED comprises a glass lens provided on the front surface with a nanoscale zinc oxide coating

QED Lithography Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Unlike the LPP requirement of high mirror reflectivity, QED lithography only requires a zinc oxide nanoscale coating. Instead of high energy CO2 lasers, QED lithography is far more efficient as pulsed < 5 W power. QED lithography avoids the need for debris control. LPP requires large 320 mm diameter collector mirror. But QED lithography uses small < 100 mm spherical glass lenses. Nano-structuring of materials using desktop LPP lithography may be performed with a hand-held EUV Source.

Validity of Molecular Dynamics Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Molecular Dynamics MD is commonly used to simulate heat transfer at the nanoscale in the belief: Atomistic response using L-J potentials (ab initio) is more accurate than macroscopic finite element FE programs, e.g., ANSYS, COMSOL, etc. In the following, it is shown: FE gives equivalent heat transfer to MD, but both are invalid at the nanoscale by QM And present: Invalid and valid MD solutions by QM Valid and Invalid MD Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

MD and FE Restrictions MD and FE are restricted by statistical mechanics SM to atoms having thermal heat capacity Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Validity Historically, MD simulations of the bulk performed under PBC assume atoms have heat capacity PBC = periodic boundary conditions In the macroscopic bulk being simulated, all atoms do indeed have heat capacity MD is therefore valid for bulk PBC simulations Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Today, MD is not used for bulk simulations, but rather for the atomistic response of discrete nanostructures Problem is MD programs based on SM assume the atom has heat capacity that is the cause of the unphysical results, e.g., Conductivity in Thin films depends on thickness Nanofluids violate mixing rules, etc Why is this so? MD Problem Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

MD - Discrete and PBC Akimov, et al. “Molecular Dynamics of Surface- Moving Thermally Driven Nanocars,” J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4, 652 (2008). Sarkar et al., “Molecular dynamics simulation of effective thermal conductivity and study of enhance thermal transport in nanofluids,” J. Appl. Phys, 102, (2007). MD for Discrete  kT = 0, But MD assumes kT > 0 Car distorts but does not move Macroscopic analogy, FE = MD Classical Physics does not work QM differs No increase in car temperature Charge is produced by excitons Cars move by electrostatic interaction MD for kT > 0 is valid for PBC because atoms in macroscopic nanofluid have kT > 0 Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

MD - NW in Tensile Test Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 L w w F F T. Prevenslik, “Nanowire Stiffening by Quantum Mechanics, MNHTM , Hong Kong, Dec , 2013 Silver 38 nm NWs x 1,5 micron long were modeled in a smaller size comprising 550 atoms in the FCC configuration with at an atomic spacing of The NW sides w = 8.18 and length L =

MD - NW in Tensile Test Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 To obtain valid MD solutions, the Coulomb force F ij between atoms is modified by the ratio  of thermal energy U kT of the atom to the electrostatic energy U ES from the QED induced charge by the excitons. 43

MD - NW in Uniaxial Tension Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

MD – NW in Triaxial Tension Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Nanochannels Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

High Fluid Flow Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Water flow through nanochannels is observed to be 2-5 orders of magnitude higher than predicted by the Hagen- Poiseuille equation of continuum mechanics Slip at the channel wall cannot explain the high flow because the calculated slip-lengths exceed the slip on non- wetting surfaces by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude. High flow is more likely caused by the size effect of QM that causes the viscosity of the fluid to vanish in nanochannels allowing the Hagen-Poiseuille equation to remain valid as the Bernoulli equation for frictionless flow.

QM Restrictions and QED Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Vanishing viscosity is the consequence of QM denying the atom the heat capacity to conserve viscous heating by an increase in temperature. Instead, viscous heat is conserved by QED inducing atoms in fluid molecules to create EM radiation The EM radiation ionizes the fluid molecules, the Coulomb repulsion of atoms avoiding atomic contact to reduce viscosity.

Charged Atom Flow Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Neuron Synapse Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Lennard-Jones Potential Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,  - Repulsion  - Attractive Simulate vanishing viscosity by taking the attractive potential   0

Valid MD Simulations Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, MD valid by QM require the viscous heat is conserved by charging the atoms – not by an increase in temperature. MD solutions are therefore made near absolute zero temperature, Conserve viscous heat by creating charge repulsion between atoms usually conserved by temperature Hence, a discrete 2D model comprising 100 atoms in a BCC configuration of liquid argon under a constant shear stress was selected

2D Distorted MD Model Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Bernoulli Equation Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Viscosity ( reduced 144 X ) QED induced charged flow in nanochannels converges to frictionless flow given by the Bernoulli equation.

Expanding Universe Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Background Prior to 1910, the Universe was thought static and infinite In 1916, Einstein‘s theory of relativity required an expanding or contracting Universe In 1929, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy light that by the Doppler Effect showed the Universe was expanding. But you probably do not know Cosmic dust of submicron NPs permeate space and redshift galaxy light without Universe expansion Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Dusty Galaxies Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 NGC

Redshift Z > 0 without Universe expansion Classical Physics NP Surface Absorption QED under TIR Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 QED Redshift  !!! NP Velocity 58 Redshift Photon o = (1+Z) In ISM, D < 500 nm. Take D = 300 nm, n = 1.5  o = 900 nm Z = 6.4 o Single galaxy photon Lyman Alpha  nm

QED Redshift Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014 Ly-  = micron Amorphous Silicate: n = 1.5 H-  = micron 59

Redshift v. Wavelength? Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Hubble’s redshift by the Doppler effect requires the same Z for ALL wavelengths QED induced Z is not the same for ALL wavelengths Available data supports Doppler shift at low Z <.05 ( Astrophys J 123, 373-6, 1956) To obtain Hubble Z, redshift measurements Z meas are corrected with measured Z for Ly-  and H-  lines, Z = Z meas – ( ZLy-  - ZH-  )

Water Purification Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

QED Induced UV Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Theory Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, Disinfection occurs as the body heat from the hands of the person holding the drinking bowl is transferred to the coating. Because of QM, the body heat cannot increase the coating temperature as the heat capacity vanishes under TIR. Instead, conservation proceeds by QED inducing the heat to be converted to UV radiation. The TIR wavelength, = 2 n d n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating. Optimum UV wavelength to destroy bacteria is nm Zinc oxide coating having n = 2 requires d = 65 nm.

UV Intensity Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,

Questions & Papers Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9,