CHAPTER 1 Matter & Measurement General, Organic, & Biological Chemistry Janice Gorzynski Smith

CHAPTER 1: Matter & Measurement Learning Objectives: Definition of matter Solids, liquids, and gases Physical vs chemical properties and changes Pure substances: Elements & Compounds Mixtures: Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous Units of the metric system & common prefixes Measured vs exact numbers Significant figures: identify & use in calculations Scientific Notation Conversion factors for calculations to cancel units The three temperature scales Density and Specific Gravity Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Definition Matter is anything that has mass and takes up volume. Naturally occurring: cotton sand digoxin, a cardiac drug Synthetic (human-made): nylon Styrofoam ibuprofen Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Solids, Liquids, Gases The Solid State: The Liquid State: The Gas State: A solid has a definite volume. A liquid has a definite volume. A gas has no definite shape; it assumes the shape of its container. It maintains its shape regardless of its container. Use modeling kit! It takes the shape of its container. It has no definite volume; it assumes the volume of its container. Solid particles lie close together in a regular pattern. Liquid particles are close together but can move past one another. Gas particles are very far apart and move around randomly. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Physical Properties Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the material. boiling point melting point solubility color odor state of matter Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Chemical Properties Chemical properties determine how a substance can be converted into another substance. Chemical change is the chemical reaction that converts one substance into another (Chapters 5 and 6). Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Pure Substances: Elements Pure Substances An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by a chemical change. A pure substance is composed of only a single component (atom or molecule). It has a constant composition, regardless of sample size or origin of sample. Use modeling kit! It cannot be broken down to other pure substances by a physical change. aluminum metal (Al) Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Pure Substances: Compounds A compound is a pure substance formed by chemically joining two or more elements. Use modeling kit! table salt (NaCl) Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Mixtures All matter can be classified as either a pure substance or a mixture. Mixtures Mixtures are composed of more than one component. They can have varying composition (any combination of solid, liquid, and gas). Use modeling kit! Mixtures can be separated into their components by a physical process. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Matter Mixtures: Heterogeneous & Homogeneous Use modeling kit! Homogeneous Mixture Example: simple syrup Heterogeneous Mixture Example: vinaigrette Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Matter Definition Use modeling kit! http://ridenourmhs.wikispaces.com/ESUnit2

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Metric System Each type of measurement has a base unit in the metric system. Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Common Prefixes The prefix of the unit name indicates if the unit is larger or smaller than the base unit. Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Common Prefixes The base unit of length is the meter (m). 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters (m) 1 km = 1,000 m 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 meters (m) 1 mm = 0.001 m 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters (m) 1 cm = 0.01 m Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Common Prefixes Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the force that matter feels due to gravity. The base unit of mass is the gram (g). 1 kilogram (kg) = 1,000 grams (g) 1 kg = 1,000 g 1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 grams (g) 1 mg = 0.001 g Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Common Prefixes The base unit of volume is the liter (L). 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1,000 liters (L) 1 kL = 1,000 L 1 milliliter (mL) = 0.001 liters (L) 1 mL = 0.001 L Volume = Length x Width x Height = cm x cm x cm = cm3 1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Units Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Exact Numbers An exact number results from counting objects or is part of a definition. 10 fingers 10 toes 1 meter = 100 centimeters An inexact number results from a measurement or observation and contains some uncertainty. Use modeling kit! 15.3 cm 1000.8 g 0.0034 mL Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures Significant figures are all the digits in a measured number including one estimated digit. All nonzero digits are always significant. 65.2 g 65.2 g 255.345 g 255.345 g Use modeling kit! 3 sig. figures 6 sig. figures Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures Rule 1: A zero counts as a significant figure when it occurs: between two nonzero digits 29.05 g 29.05 g 1.0087 mL 1.0087 mL 4 sig. figures 5 sig. figures at the end of a number with a decimal place Use modeling kit! 3.7500 cm 3.7500 cm 620. lb 620. lb 5 sig. figures 3 sig. figures Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures Rule 2: A zero does not count as a significant figure when it occurs: at the beginning of a number 0.00245 mg 0.00245 mg 0.008 mL 0.008 mL 3 sig. figures 1 sig. figure at the end of a number that does not have a decimal Use modeling kit! 2570 m 2570 m 1245500 m 1245500 m 3 sig. figures 5 sig. figures Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures: Multiplication & Division Multiplication/Division Rules: The answer has the same number of significant figures as the original number with the fewest significant figures. 4 sig. figures 351.2 miles 351.2 miles 63.854545 miles = Use modeling kit! hour 5.5 hour 5.5 hour 2 sig. figures Answer must have 2 sig. figures. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures: Multiplication & Division to be retained to be dropped 63.854545 63.854545 miles = 64 miles hour hour first digit to be dropped 2 sig. figures Answer If the first digit to be dropped is: Then: Use modeling kit! between 0 and 4 drop it and all remaining digits between 5 and 9 round up the last digit to be retained by adding 1 Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Significant Figures: Addition & Subtraction Addition/Subtraction Rules: The answer has the same number of decimal places as the original number with the fewest decimal places. 10.11 kg 10.11 kg 2 decimal places 3.6 kg 3.6 kg 1 decimal place 6.51 kg answer must have 1 decimal place Use modeling kit! final answer 1 decimal place = 6.5 kg Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Scientific Notation In scientific notation, a number is written as: y x 10x Exponent: Any positive or negative whole number. Coefficient: A number between 1 and 10. Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Scientific Notation When the exponent x is positive, move the decimal point x places to the right. 2.800 x 102 = 280.0 When the exponent x is negative, move the decimal point x places to the left. Use modeling kit! 2.80 x 10–2 = 0.0280 Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Conversion Factors Conversion factor: A term that converts a quantity in one unit to a quantity in another unit. original quantity conversion factor desired x = Conversion factors are usually written as equalities. Use modeling kit! 2.21 lb = 1 kg To use them, they must be written as fractions. 2.21 lb 1 kg or Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Conversion Factors Factor-label method: Using conversion factors to convert a quantity in one unit to a quantity in another unit. units are treated like numbers make sure all unwanted units cancel To convert 130 lb into kilograms: Use modeling kit! 130 lb x conversion factor ? kg = original quantity desired quantity Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Conversion Factors 2.21 lb 1 kg Answer 2 sig. figures 130 lb x or 1 kg 2.21 lb = 59 kg The bottom conversion factor has the original unit in the denominator. Use modeling kit! The unwanted unit lb cancels. The desired unit kg does not cancel. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Measurements Temperature Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold an object is. Three temperature scales are used: Degrees Fahrenheit (oF) Degrees Celsius (oC) Kelvin (K) To convert from oC to oF: To convert from oF to oC: oC = oF − 32 1.8 oF = 1.8(oC) + 32 Use modeling kit! To convert from oC to K: To convert from K to oC: K = oC + 273 oC = K − 273 Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Temperature Use modeling kit! Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Density Density: A physical property that relates the mass of a substance to its volume. mass (g) density = volume (mL or cc) To convert volume (mL) to mass (g): To convert mass (g) to volume (mL): Use modeling kit! g mL mL x = g g x = mL mL g inverse of density density Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.

Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed. Measurements Specific Gravity Specific gravity: A quantity that compares the density of a substance with the density of water at the same temperature. density of a substance (g/mL) density of water (g/mL) specific gravity = The units of the numerator (g/mL) cancel the units of the denominator (g/mL). The specific gravity of a substance is equal to its density, but contains no units. Smith. General Organic & Biolocial Chemistry 2nd Ed.