Arts and Humanities Exit Exam MUSIC REVIEW

Elements of Music Rhythm Tempo Melody Harmony Form Timbre Dynamics

Rhythm The pattern of notes and rests Important Rhythm Terms Syncopation Placing emphasis on the weak or off beats Meter (AKA Time Signature) 3 Types Simple: 4/4 Compound: 6/8 Asymmetrical: 5/4

Note and Rest Values Whole Note= 4 beats Half Note= 2 beats Quarter Note= 1 beat Eighth Note= ½ beat Sixteenth Note= ¼ beat

Tempo The speed of the music Accelerando Ritardando Gradually speed up Gradually slow down

Tempo Markings Largo Andante Moderato Allegro Presto Very slow Walking speed Moderato Medium speed Allegro Fast tempo Presto Very fast

Melody The main part of the song that can be hummed by the listener Key Signature Sharps and flats placed @ the beginning of the music that show the scale on which the music is based.

Harmony Two or more notes sounded together Consonance Dissonance Harmony that is pleasing to the listener Dissonance Harmony that is “harsh” to the listener

Form The way the music is organized Opera Forms Overture Aria Introduction for operas and ballets Aria Song for solo voice that is very melodic in character Recitative Song sung in a speaking manner

Types of Forms AB ABA Call and Response Theme and Variations 2 contrasting sections ABA 2 contrasting sections that repeats back to the 1st section Call and Response One group performs and another group echoes Theme and Variations Basic melody performed in a variety of ways

Timbre The unique characteristic of sound VOCAL TIMBRES Soprano Alto High Female Voice Alto Low Female Voice Tenor High Male Voice Bass Low Male Voice

INSTRUMENT FAMILIES Woodwind Brass String Percussion Flute, Clarinet, Saxophone, Oboe, Bassoon Brass Trumpet, French Horn, Trombone, Tuba String Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, Guitar Percussion Drums, Xylophone, Tambourine, Cymbals

Dynamics The loudness or softness of music Pianissimo (pp) Very Soft Piano (p) Soft Mezzo Piano (mp) Moderately Soft Mezzo Forte (mf) Moderately Loud Forte (f) Loud Fortissimo (ff) Very Loud

Music Symbols Staff Treble Clef Bass Clef Sharp Flat Natural

Symbols, cont. Crescendo Decrescendo Accent Fermata Coda

More symbols DC- Repeat to the beginning DS- Repeat to the sign Fine-The End

Renaissance Period Most important composer He utilized the Giovanni Palestrina He utilized the “counterpoint” system

Baroque Period Important Composers Fugue- An imitative style of George Frederic Handel Known for oratorios (“The Messiah”) Johann Sebastian Bach Cantatas for his church services Fugue- An imitative style of composition developed during this period

Classical Period Important Composers Franz Josef Haydn “The father of the Symphony” Ludwig Van Beethoven Most well known is his “5th Symphony”

Romantic Period Important Composers Richard Wagner Peter Tchaikovsky Known for his operas Ride of the Valkyries The Flying Dutchman Peter Tchaikovsky Known for his ballets The Nutcracker, Swan Lake, Romeo & Juliet

Impressionism Claude Debussy Maurice Ravel Important Composers Both composers incorporated symbolism into their music

Modern Period Jazz Music Improvisation Combines spirituals, blues, and improvisation to create a new and unique style Improvisation To create music spontaneously (“on the spot”)

American Music George Gershwin Incorporated Jazz elements into classical music Rhapsody in Blue An American in Paris

Aaron Copland Used American folk songs and ideas in his music Appalachian Spring Billy the Kid

Duke Ellington Helped shape jazz styles in American music Take the A Train Mood Indigo

Purposes of Music Ceremonial Artistic Recreational Music for ceremonies and rituals Star Spangled Banner, Wedding March Artistic Music used to express emotion Ballet Music Recreational Music for Fun Dance Music

The End (FINE)