Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley 50s & 60s End WW2 to end VN war 1950s ≈ Eisenhower era Conservatism & conformism GI bill (1944) Cold war - Fears for Freedom (McCarthy) Protest / non-conformism Civil rights movement (Brown vs Board) Beatniks Economic boom Lit & the Arts Beatniks (e.g., Kerouac) R n R Chuck Berry Elvis Presley TV / Hwd

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley s Highway development: "Eisenhower interstates" Political choices Coalitions ("strange bed-fellows") NYC: Robert Moses e.g., Cross-Bronx Parkway Suburban growth NYC Bronx Harlem

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Interstate highways Interchange I-5 (LA) Interstate in Houston TX

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley The Big Three 1. General Motors (Alfred Sloan... Roger Smith, Rick Waggoner, etc.. ) Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac (watch this space ☺ ) "planned obsolescence" 2. Ford (Henry Ford - Edsel Ford) Ford, Mercury, Lincoln 3. Chrysler (Walter Chrysler) Dodge, Plymouth, Chrysler

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Cadillac Evolution in Design Chrysler AirFlow (from 1934) Harley Earl - Tailfins Chrysler 1959 Cadillac 1955 Cadillac Sophia Loren & Jayne Mansfield 1955 Chrysler AirFlow Chevrolet 1957

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Expanding product lines Station wagon Sports cars Chevrolet Corvette present Ford Thunderbird Mustang "Muscle cars" Pontiac, Dodge, Ford (Mustang)

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley 60s JFK - LBJ - RMN Civil rights movement (eg WDC 1963) & legislation  (Also, incidentally, Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique 1963 ) VN & student protest Environmentalist movement Rachel Carson 1963[!] Silent Spring Pop Culture Beatles (Baby, you can drive my car...) Beach Boys (Fun, Fun, Fun) [1964] Auto industry improved safety features smaller, less expensive cars (“compacts”) ➡ Ralph Nader 1965 Unsafe at Any Speed Well, she got her daddy's car And she cruised through the hamburger stand now Seems she forgot all about the library Like she told her old man now And with the radio blasting Goes cruising just as fast as she can now And she'll have fun, fun, fun 'til her daddy takes the T- bird away Well the girls can't stand her 'Cause she walks, looks and drives like an ace now She makes the Indy 500 look Like a Roman chariot race now A lot of guys try to catch her But she leads them on a wild-goose chase, now And she'll have fun, fun, fun 'til her daddy takes the T- bird away Well, you knew all along thatYour dad was gettin' wise to you now(You shouldn't have lied, now you shouldn't have lied)And since he took your set of keysYou've been thinking that your fun is all through now(You shouldn't have lied, now you shouldn't have lied)But you can come along with me'Cause we gotta a lot of things to do now(You shouldn't have lied, now you shouldn't have lied)And we'll have fun, fun, fun now that daddy took the T-bird away(Fun, fun, fun now that daddy took the T-bird away)And we'll have fun fun fun now that daddy took the T-bird away(Fun, fun, fun now that daddy took the T- bird away)Fun, fun now that daddy took the T-bird awayFun, fun now that daddy took the T-bird awayFun, fun now that daddy took the T-bird away

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Compact Cars Corvair Ford Pinto

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Consumer Protection: Safety Concerns Ralph Nader: Unsafe At Any Speed 1965 (Corvair…) Ford Pinto 1970

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Pony Cars Ford Mustang 1965

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Muscle Cars Pontiac GTO Dodge Charger Ford Mustang

Master LLCE Anglais Perspectives Cars in the US US Civilisation “Driving Society” Charles C. Hadley Consumer (& other) Movements & Legislative response 1963 Clean Air Act 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 1967 Air Quality Act 1970, ’77, ’90 Clean Air Act Amendments 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act