October 21, 2014

Empire:  Extension of political rule by one people over other peoples.  Unifying diverse people under one common rule hierarchy of subjects

What do you need to build an Empire? Means of Communication and Transportation:  Vast markets  Ports & Dock yards  Roads

System of Administration:  Uniform: Language Currency Measurements Legal system  Collects taxes

Two types of Empires  Hegemony- impositions of foreign government by consent  Dominance- imposition of foreign government by force.

Empires are not static They rise & fall Causes to Fall:  Failure of leadership  Overextension of Administration  Collapse of the economy  Doubts over ideology  Military defeat

OCTOBER 22, 2014

Earliest Empires: AKKADIANS  Sargon ( )  Mesopotamia  2350 Arabian Peninsula  Sargon I conquered cities from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean  Capital city Agade (Akkad)

Government Administration  Administration Tablets of Akkad Dynasty  “Sons of Akkad”  Akkad Language  Standardized Measurements in length, area, dry & liquid quantities

 Sumerian culture was strong enough to influence even their conquerors.

Waves of Invaders: A. Babylonian Empire: Hammurabi (1792 – 1750) Admin. Network lasted 250 years B. Hittites (Indo-Europeans) 2 wheeled chariots Iron workings Conquered Babylonian Empire scuffles with Egypt

Assyrian Empire “A City Bathed in Blood” A. Defeated areas of Palestine, Babylonia & Egypt I. Assyria acquired a large empire between b.c.e B. Accomplished by Military organization and state of the art weapons

II. Origins A. From Northern Mesopotamia A1. Geography B. Developed warlike behavior to fight off attacks C. Empire from East and North of the Tigris River through central Egypt

The Assyrian Empire

III. Military Organization and Conquest A. Society glorified military strength A2. Weapons- Iron swords, iron pointed spears, archers, iron shields SIEGE WARFARE AND TERROR!!!!!

Assyrian Military Power Assyrian soldiers carrying away the enemy’s gods.

C. Captured Cities- Assyrians showed no mercy to people they captured C1. Bounty on peoples heads- reward for the heads of enemy soldiers C2. Enslaved or killed people of the city they captured

IV. Governing Lands A. Assyrian officials governed area closest to Assyria A1. Assyrian Capital was established at Nineveh B. Chose rulers to govern areas conquered, armies protected the new areas C. New lands brought taxes and tribute to Assyria

Nineveh

V. Empire Crumbles A. Assyrian’s brutality created many enemies B. 612 b.c.e combined armies of Medes and Chaldeans burned Nineveh to the ground.

Assyrian Achievements  Library of Nineveh, which had more than 20,000 cuneiform tablets, which were collected across the empire – one being the Epic of Gilgamesh

Babylon under the Chaldeans

Neo-Babylonian Empire  Nebuchadrezzar expanded the empire  He conquered Syria and part of Canaan. He exported the Egyptians and Hebrews from their lands.  He created gardens for his palace now know as the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Neo-Babylonians  They created the first sundial  The tower of babel is associated with Etemenaki, a ziggurat built by Nabopolassar  The Neo-Babylonian empire lasted from BCE

Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon

Ishtar Gate

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Aim: Egyptian Empire Do Now : How is Egypt different than Mesopotamia?

I. Middle Kingdom ( b.c.e.) A. Conquered by Nubia B. 2 nd Intermediate Period ( b.c.e) B1. Immigrant Semitic group- HYKSOS ruled lower Egypt Introduced Bronze making tech. Horse & Chariot

II. New Kingdom ( b.c.e.) A. Ran out the Hyksos into Palestine A1. Became involved w/ the Middle East A2. Lead to their Imperial Presence B. Thutmmosis I ( b.c.e.) B1. Created Egypt's greatest Historical Empire - B2. Further into Nubia - B3. North East to the Euphrates River

C. Syria & Palestine were independent, but paid taxes to the Empire D. Egyptian concerns- taxes, raw materials & trade opportunities

III. The Art of Palace & Temple A. Ramses II ( b.c.e.) A1. Constructed one of the greatest temples

B. Hatshepsut ( )  1st of 4 FEMALE pharaohs  Widow- served in place of her stepson  Declared herself “king”  Depicted as a man  Pyramid near Thebes- dedicated to Amon

C. Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) ( b.c.e.)  Changed his name  Adapted Monotheism  Moved the Capital 200 mi. North into the Desert

Queen Nefertiti “The most beautiful woman in the world”

IV. Egyptian Control Ends A. Ended around 1200 b.c.e. * trade continued B. Series of Defeats pushed it back with in the Nile C. Egypt in some areas were conquered by the Nubians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks & Romans

KINGDOM OF KUSH  NUBIA Important source of trade foods for Egypt, was under Egyptian control  Rise of Kush After the fall of the New Kingdom- Nubia becomes Independent as the State of Kush 750- Kush conquers Egypt.  Kush- Trading State Originally based on farming Iron Ore- iron weapons, tools fore export Traded- Africa, Roman Empire, Arabia, & India  Decline Driven out of Egypt by Assyrians in 750 Rise of the state of Axum- Ethiopia