Final Exam Review Semester 2

1)World War I 2)Russian Revolution 3)Age of Anxiety 4)World War II 5)China & India 6)Cold War TEST COVERS the following units:

M.A.I.N. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism 4 Causes of World War I

Powder Keg Explodes Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Bosnia –June 12th, 1914 He was assassinated by a Serbian Austria-Hungary uses this to punish Serbia The

Western Front The Schlieffen Plan worked well at first: –swept through Belgium STALEMATE occurred on Western Front Russia attacks on Eastern Front

Russia’s difficult fight Russia army was LARGE but poorly equipped –Shortage of food, guns and ammunition Kept Germany busy by accepting huge casualties 1916 reduces war effort & 1917 exits war –Face Civil War at home Vladimir Lenin Signs Peace Treaty with Germany 1918 –Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: greatly reduces size of Russia Eastern Front Warfare

Zimmerman Telegram What: German telegram promising support to Mexico in a War against the U.S. Woodrow Wilson declares war on Germany [April 2nd 1917] President Woodrow Wilson

The Final Battle Germany places all effort into the Western Front A SECOND Battle of the Marne River occurs 2-million fresh American Troops help overpower German soldiers Allies steadily march into Germany –Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918: War on the Western Front

The Central Powers Crumble Austria-HungaryOttoman EmpireGermany Internal Revolution Empire Ends Surrender Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down Germany declared Republic

Russian Revolution Lenin builds an Empire

Russian Revolution

Road to Revolution Bloody Sunday ( 1905) Duma Established 1906 Dissolves Duma Nicholas II (Rules ) Russo-Japanese War ( 1904) World War I ( 1914) Unprepared Poor Performance

Russia During World War I Morale very low –Soldiers deserting the Army Economy is very weak –High prices, shortages, etc… Bolsheviks demanding change at home Nicholas II headquarters at front in WWI

Bolsheviks Russian Marxist group that wanted reform Leader: Vladimir Lenin Fled Russia in early 1900’s to avoid arrest

Lenin takes power in 1917 Russia falls into Civil War Signs treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918 TIMELINE 15 million people die! (war, famine, disease) Economy destroyed!

Communism: Theory vs Reality Karl Marx Wrote Communist Manifesto [1848] Predicted the collapse of capitalism

Stalin Wrap-Up Rules until his death in 1953 USSR becomes much stronger military Majority of Russians live in poverty Totalitarian Government which rules by fear Fights with USA in World War II After WWII, USSR becomes enemy of USA –Cold war starts

Age of Anxiety

Early 20 th Century: The world experiments with NEW ways to govern society. Totalitarianism Socialism Democracy & Capitalism Nazism Fascism Communism

ISM’s of the 20 th Century 1)Socialism 2)Totalitarianism 3)Fascism 4)Nazism 5)Communism End of World War I leads to the rise of Totalitarian Ideologies

Results of Great Depression European countries were just beginning to recover from World War I The U.S. economy hurt the GLOBAL economy. Japanese Economy begins to suffer Helps Hitler assume power in Germany Around the World

Hitler’s Dance Rearmament begins in Germany Moves into the Rhineland Seize Austria & demands Sudetenland Munich Conference

Nonaggression Pact year pact signed Secretly agree to divide Poland –other countries promised to Stalin Hitler was assured there would be no attack from the east. (USSR) Hitler & Stalin’s

Appeasement

World War II

World War II D-Day Germany Surrenders Poland Invasion France Falls Battle of Britain Invasion Soviet Union Battle of Stalingrad & Operation Torch Battle of Midway Pearl Harbor

3-Theatres of War: European, African & Pacific

Two Front War U.S. & Great Britain concentrate on Southern Europe & Northern Africa Soviet Union fight on its “own” against Germany on eastern front U.S. will continue fight against Japan

Hitler’s Plan Step 1: Immigration: tried to “export” Jews to other countries –Britain 80,000 U.S. 100,000 France 25,000 –Latin America 40,000 Step 2: Ghettos: Hitler turned to isolation as immigration proved limited Step 3: Final Solution- moved Jews to concentration camps and began mass killings

The Final Numbers 6,000,000 Jewish deaths » Original Population Killed Poland3,300,0003,000,000 Soviet Union2,850,0001,252,000 Hungary 650, ,000 Romania 600, ,000 Germany 240, ,000

Can we Learn From History? Goal: Long lasting Peace To do list: Countries need new Borders New Governments New League of Nations Countries need to be rebuilt Trials for “War Crimes” for Nazi Leaders

Communist Triumph in China Civil War leads to Communism

China Summary Chinese society was based on tradition Western influence was forced and came late to China Opium War of 1839 changes China China fall into civil war as Qing dynasty collapses

Civil War Mao’s Communism Cultural Revolution “The Great Leap” Mao loses power

Communist China Summary Economic failure Few advances in technology & industry Today, China is finally starting to “catch up” with industrialized countries China is using Capitalism to get their economy to grow today

Mohandas Gandhi Indian Independence

Before Gandhi: India Summary A history of being ruled by “outsiders” Strong religious tension between dominant Hindu population and Muslims Did not truly push for independence until after World War I Amritsar Massacre was the turning point in independence movement

Gandhi’s Influence 1920 Indian National Congress endorses civil disobedience (non-violence) as means to achieve independence 1924 Gandhi assume the Presidency of the Indian National Congress Gandhi never OFFICIALLY held political office!

Mahatma in India 1919 Protested Rowlett Acts 1922 Ended campaign after riots 1930 Led salt march 1932 Fasted to protest caste system 1947 Fasted to end violence 1948 Assassinated by Hindu extremist

The Cold War Expands

IRON CURTAIN

American Foreign Policy Containment Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan

1) Containment and Brinkmanship ) Détente 1970’s 3) Renewed Arms Race 1980’s 4) Collapse of Soviet Union1990

Conflicts of Cold War :Iron Curtain 1948:Berlin Airlift 1949:Soviets test Nuclear Bomb :Korean War :Vietnam War 1959:Cuban Communist Revolution 1960:U-2 Incident 1961:Berlin Wall Built 1962:Cuban Missile Crisis

Some Factors in the collapse of Soviet Union Overall, very poor economy Flawed economic system (communism) Could not compete with USA in the Arms Race Invasion of Afghanistan caused financial hardship Rebellions in Iron Curtain Countries & Soviet Republics Falling oil prices in 1980’s drastically lowered income