Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 5 Sections 1-4

Key Concepts Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomes Characteristics of major biome types Characteristics of major biome types Human impacts on the biosphere Human impacts on the biosphere

Blowing in the Wind Benefits of wind Benefits of wind Hazards of wind Hazards of wind “Red tides” “Red tides” Volcanoes and climate Volcanoes and climate Everything is connected Everything is connected Fig. 5-1, p. 78

Blowing in the Wind Fig. 5-1, p. 78

Weather and Climate Differences between weather and climate Differences between weather and climate Major factors determining climate Major factors determining climate Uneven heating of Earth’s surfaceUneven heating of Earth’s surface Earth’s rotationEarth’s rotation Properties of air, water, and landProperties of air, water, and land

Fig. 5-2, p. 80 Earth’s Climatic Zones

60ºN 30ºN 0º 30ºs 60ºS Cold deserts Westerlies Forests Hot deserts Northeast trades Forests Equator Hot deserts Forests Southeast trades Westerlies Cold deserts Fig. 5-3, p. 80 Earth’s Rotation and Climate Fig. 5-3, p. 80

Fig. 5-4, p. 81 Cell 3 South Moist air rises — rain Cell 2 South Cool, dry air falls Cell 1 South Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Cell 1 North Cool, dry air falls Cell 2 North Moist air rises — rain Cell 3 North Cold,dry air falls Polar cap Arctic tundra 60° 30° 0° 30° 60° Polar cap Evergreen coniferous forest Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Desert Tropical deciduous forest Equator Tropical rain forest Tropical deciduous forest Desert Temperate deciduous forest and grassland Global Air Circulation and Biomes Cold,dry air falls

Effects of Water, Wind, and Land on Climate Ocean currents and wind Ocean currents and wind Gases in the atmosphere Gases in the atmosphere Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect Topography and local climate Topography and local climate Microclimates in urban areas Microclimates in urban areas

Fig. 5-5, p. 82 (a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere and warm the earth's surface. (b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into space as heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere. (c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere. Natural Greenhouse Effect

Fig. 5-6, p. 82 Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean. On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture. On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture. Rain Shadow Effect Dry habitats Moist habitats

Biomes Climate effects on biomes Climate effects on biomes 12 major biomes 12 major biomes Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”) Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”) Effects of latitude and longitude Effects of latitude and longitude

Fig. 5-7, p. 83 Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conif forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer Earth’s Major Biomes

Fig. 5-8, p. 84 Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome Type Polar Subpolar Tropical Chaparral Grassland Desert Scrubland Savanna Dry Cold Tundra Coniferous forest Decreasing Temperate precipitation Decreasing Deciduous forest Tropical seasonal forest Wet Hot Rain forest temperature

Mountain Ice and snow Altitude Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Latitude Fig. 5-9, p. 85 Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes

Biomes: Climates and Life Deserts Deserts Grassland Grassland Forests Forests Mountains Mountains Aquatic biomes Aquatic biomes

Deserts What is a desert? What is a desert? Tropical deserts Tropical deserts Temperate deserts Temperate deserts Cold deserts Cold deserts Human impacts on deserts Human impacts on deserts

Fig. 5-10a, p. 86 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Gambel's quail Red-tailed hawk Collared lizard Jack rabbit Yucca Kangaroo rat Agave Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Bacteria Prickly pear cactus Temperate Desert Ecosystem

Temperate Desert in Nevada, USA Fig. 5-10b, p. 86

Fig. 5-11, p. 87 Large desert cities Soil destruction by off- road vehicles and urban development Soil sanitization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Major Human Impacts on Deserts

Grasslands Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires Effects of drought, herbivores, and fires Savanna Savanna Grazers and browsers Grazers and browsers Temperate grasslands Temperate grasslands Prairies Prairies Tundra Tundra Permafrost Permafrost

Fig. 5-12, p. 88 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Bacteria Golden eagle Prairie dog Blue stem grass Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Pronghorn antelope Prairie coneflower Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem

Replacing Temperate Grassland with Farms Fig. 5-13, p. 88

Arctic Tundra in Winter and Summer Fig. 5-14, p. 89

Fig. 5-15, p. 89 Natural Capital Degradation Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland Release of CO 2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles Human Impacts on Grasslands

Forests Types of forests Types of forests Tropical rain forests Tropical rain forests Broadleaf evergreen plants Broadleaf evergreen plants Temperate deciduous forests Temperate deciduous forests Broadleaf deciduous forests Broadleaf deciduous forests Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas) Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas) Muskegs Muskegs Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests

Fig. 5-16, p. 90 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fungi Bacteria Bromeliad Ants Tree frog Green tree snake Katydid Climbing monstera palm Squirrel monkeys Blue and gold macaw Harpy eagle Ocelot Slaty-tailed trogon Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

Harpy eagle Toco toucan Wooly opossum Brazilian tapir Black-crowned antpitta Shrub layer Canopy Emergent layer Understory Height (meters) Fig. 5-17, p. 91 Stratification of Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest Ground layer

Fig. 5-18a, p. 92 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Bacteria Fungi Wood frog Racer Shagbark hickory White-tailed deer White-footed mouse White oak Gray squirrel Hairy woodpecker Broad-winged hawk Long-tailed weasel May beetle Mountain winterberry Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall and Winter Fig. 5-18b-c, p. 92

Fig. 5-19a, p. 93 Bacteria Bunchberry Starflower Fungi Snowshoe hare Bebb willow Moose Wolf Balsam fir Blue jay Great horned owl White spruce Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Marten Evergreen Coniferous Forest Ecosystem Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers

Fig. 5-19b, p. 93 Evergreen Coniferous Forest in Alaska

Fig. 5-20, p. 94 Natural Capital Degradation Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Damage to soils from off-road vehicles Human Impacts on Forests

Mountains What is a mountain? What is a mountain? Ecological importance of mountains Ecological importance of mountains “Islands of biodiversity” “Islands of biodiversity” Climate regulation Climate regulation Mountain glaciers and effects on sea level Mountain glaciers and effects on sea level Impact on hydrologic cycle Impact on hydrologic cycle Human impacts on mountains Human impacts on mountains

Fig. 5-21, p. 94 Forests near Mt. Rainer, Washington

Fig. 5-22, p. 95 Natural Capital Degradation Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radi- ation from ozone depletion Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Soil damage from off-road vehicles Human Impacts on Mountains