Fig. 34-0

Ecology From: Biosphere to individual Be able to describe and give examples of levels of study

Fig. 34-0a

Fig. 34-1a

Fig. 34-1b

Fig. 34-1c

Fig. 34-1d

Fig. 34-2b Rachel Carson

Fig. 34-3a

Global climate predicts Biomes Review some of the large scale affects of weather, ocean currents and geography

Fig. 34-5a Low angle of incoming sunlight Sunlight strikes most directly Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 60°S South Pole Tropic of Capricorn 30°S 0° (equator) 30°N Tropic of Cancer North Pole 60°N

Fig. 34-5b June solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts toward sun) March equinox (equator faces sun directly) December solstice (Northern Hemisphere tilts away from sun) Constant tilt of 23.5° September equinox

Fig. 34-5c Descending dry air absorbs moisture Trade winds Ascending moist air releases moisture Trade winds Descending dry air absorbs moisture Temperate zone Temperate zone Tropics Doldrums 0° 30° 23.5° 30°

Fig. 34-5d 60°N 30°N 30°S

Fig. 34-5e Greenland North America Europe Africa Gulf Stream Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean South America

Fig. 34-5f East Wind direction Pacific Ocean Coast Range Sierra Nevada Rain shadow Desert

Biomes, ecotones and Ecosystems Biomes are identified by: Ecotones are areas where: Ecosystems are:

Aquatic Biomes and Ecosystems Be able to describe the principle components of freshwater and marine biomes.

Fig. 34-6a High water Low water Oarweed (to 2 m) Brain coral (to 1.8 m) Intertidal zone Continental shelf Benthic realm Photic zone Aphotic zone Pelagic realm Sea pen (to 45 cm) (seafloor) Brittle star (to 60 cm) Sponges (1 cm to 1 m) Phytoplankton Zooplankton Octopus (to 10 m) Sea spider (1 to 90 cm) Glass sponge (to 1.8 m) Sea cucumber (to 40 cm) Rat-tail fish (to 80 cm) Tripod fish (to 30 cm) Man-of-war (to 50 m) Blue shark (to 2 m) Turtle (60 to 180 cm) Sperm whale (10 to 20 m) Hatchet fish (2 to 60 cm) Gulper eel (to 180 cm) Anglerfish (45 cm to 2 m) 200 m “Twilight” 1,000 to 4,000 m No light 6,000 to 10,000 m

Fig. 34-6b

Fig. 34-6d

Fig. 34-7a

A tour of the Biomes As you view these you should be able to discuss the major components of the Biome

Fig. 34-7b

Fig °N Tropic of Cancer 60°N Arctic circle Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30°S Tropical forest Savanna Desert Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice

Fig. 34-9

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Cycles that affect Ecosystems List each cycle Describe the cycle and major implications when the cycle is disrupted

Fig Solar heat Net movement of water vapor by wind Water vapor over the sea Precipitation over the land Water vapor over the land Precipitation over the sea Evaporation from the sea Evaporation and transpiration Flow of water from land to sea Surface water and groundwater Oceans

Fig Energy flow Light energy Chemical energy Chemical elements Heat energy Bacteria and fungi Chemical cycling

Fig Animals 1 Plants Detritus Decomposers in soil Decomposition Phosphates in rock Weathering of rock Runoff Assimilation Phosphates in solution Phosphates in soil (inorganic) Precipitated (solid) phosphates Rock Uplifting of rock

Fig Photosynthesis Decomposers (soil microbes) Cellular respiration Detritus Plants, algae, cyanobacteria Primary consumers Higher-level consumers Burning CO 2 in atmosphere Plant litter; death Wastes; death Decomposition Wood and fossil fuels

Fig Consumers Geologic processes Producers Decomposers Nutrients available to producers Abiotic reservoir

When Populations Change, ecosystems change Be able to discuss 1. Factors affecting population growth 2. Demography 3.Density and dispersion 4. r and K selected species

Fig. 37-2

Fig Plant A terrestrial food chain Producers Phytoplankton An aquatic food chain Primary consumers Grasshopper Zooplankton Secondary consumers Mouse Herring Snake Tuna Tertiary consumers

Fig Producers (plants) Primary consumers Secondary and primary consumers Tertiary and secondary consumers Quaternary, tertiary, and secondary consumers

Fig ,000,000 kcal of sunlight 10 kcal 100 kcal 1,000 kcal 10,000 kcal Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

Patterns of population growth Exponential growth: G=rN G= population growth rate r= per capita rate of increase (#births-#deaths) N= population size

logistic growth curves Environmental factors will limit growth This model is idealized population growth G=rN (K-N)\ K K=carrying capacity

Fig. 36-4bb Year Breeding male fur seals (thousands)

Fig. 36-4c Time Number of individuals (N) 0 K G = rN (K – N) K

Fig. 36-4d

Fig Lynx Snowshoe hare Lynx population size (thousands) Hare population size (thousands) Year