World Geography: Looking at the Earth Chapter 2 World Geography: Looking at the Earth

Section 1 Planet Earth

Chapter Focus Introduction View of earth from space Chapter Focus Introduction

Earth Viewed From Outer Space The Solar System Made up of sun and all that revolves around it Earth has an atmosphere The air that surrounds the earth Earth’s Measurements About 93 million miles from the sun Diameter of Earth at equator is about 8,00 miles

Earth Viewed From Outer Space (Con’t) Water, Land and Air Earth is roughly 70% water Oceans, Lakes, Rivers make up the Hydrosphere Earth is roughly 30% land Earth surface and crust is called the Lithosphere All organisms live in the Biosphere

Earth’s Surface Inside the Earth Composed of three layers The Core Inner and Outer core in the center of the Earth The Mantle Thick layer of melting material Material from Volcano eruptions The Crust Thinnest of the three Only 3-30 miles deep Planetlike rock that floats on the mantle

Chart Supplement 1.2

Earth’s Surface (Con’t) Internal Forces Plates move only roughly 4 inches a year When plates pull apart, melted rock rises up Hawaii Shaking or sudden movements in plates are earthquakes When plates collide, the plates bend, fold, or crack (fault lines) Underwater, when earthquake happens, tsunamis can occur Tsunamis are large waves that can be as fast as 400 miles/hr. and up to 100 ft.tall Pacific Plate So active with earthquakes and volcanoes, it is called the Ring of Fire

Map Supplement 1.1

Map Supplement 1.1

External Forces Weathering Breaking down of rocks Two kinds: Chemical weathering Water dissolves chemicals in rocks, causing disintegration or break apart Physical weathering Breaks rocks into large pieces

External Forces (Con’t) Erosion Wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, water and glaciers Wind Movement of dust, sand and soil from one place to another Plants help avoid wind erosion Water Water flows, which cuts the land, wearing away the soil and rock Ex. Grand Canyon

External Forces (Con’t) Erosion (Con’t) Glaciers Large bodies of ice, move across the surface of the earth Similar to water flow erosion, however with even greater magnitude Two types: Glacier Sheet Large sheets… Greenland and Antarctica Mountain Glacier Snow on mountain top turns to ice and begins moving down by gravity

Section 2 Earth’s Features

Landforms Continents 7 Continents Map of Continents Isthmus Connects two large landmasses Isthmus of Panama connects North and South America Europe and Asia separated by the Ural Mountains

Landforms (Con’t) Major Landforms Mountains Hills Plateau Plains Have steep slopes with some kind of peak or summit Hills More rounded and lower than mountains Plateau Higher than surrounding land and has one steep side, called a cliff Plains Flat or gently rolling lands

Chart Supplement 2.1

Other Landforms Valley Peninsula Island Archipelago Continental Shelf Lowland between to steep sides Peninsula Land surrounded by water on three sides Island Land completely surrounded by water Archipelago Closely scattered islands Continental Shelf Underwater extension of a continent

Water Features Oceans and Seas 70% Earth is water and it is mainly salt water Four major oceans Pacific Atlantic Arctic Indian Seas, Gulfs, Bays Smaller forms of salt water

Water Features (Con’t) Lakes, Streams and Rivers Lake Water completely surrounded by land Most are freshwater Stream Body of water flowing, which combines to create rivers River A stream of considerable volume of water Generally started by melting glacier, top of mountain or overflowing lake

Water Features (Con’t) Groundwater Lies beneath earth’s surface and supplies wells and springs Main source of groundwater is rain and melted ice Water Cycle Regular movement of water from ocean to air to ground to Ocean Cycle Begins with Evaporation Changing liquid water into vapor or gas

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Section 3 Earth’s Resources

Importance of Resources Natural Resources Elements from the earth that are not made by humans but can be used by them Minerals and Fuels Minerals Substances from earth that are not living or from living things Fossils Fuels Fuels derived from the remains of plants and animals that lived millions of years ago Example Coal, oil, gas

Importance of Resources (Con’t) Minerals and Fuels (Con’t) Value of Resources Determined by the purpose of the Resource Supply, often influenced by location, also affects value Oil debate today

Managing Resources Renewable Resources Non-Renewable Resources Replace itself naturally or farmed to create a continuous supply Vegetables, Sun/Wind power Non-Renewable Resources Can never be replaced Many minerals and fossil fuels

Distribution of Resources Most resources are not evenly distributed throughout the earth Trade Import Resources or goods brought into a country Export Resources or goods sent from one country to another Uneven distribution of earth’s resources has led to an interdependence between countries Also has led to many conflicts and wars

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